Abstract
The grassland community of Lac du Bois Provincial Park in the interior of British Columbia has become increasingly invaded by Centaurea stoebe (=Centaurea maculosa; spotted knapweed). Allelopathy, through the production of the phytotoxin (±)-catechin by C. stoebe roots is believed to be partly responsible for knapweed’s invasive success. We used field sampling and greenhouse experiments to examine two questions: (1) Is increasing abundance of C. stoebe negatively associated with the abundance of specific native grassland species? (2) Do species that exhibit a negative correlation with C. stoebe abundance in the field demonstrate increased levels of susceptibility to application of (±)-catechin during germination? Thirty-eight plots were sampled in the grassland, encompassing areas of low—high knapweed abundance. Seeds from eight native species, exhibiting positive, neutral or negative correlation with knapweed abundance, were treated with three concentrations (0, 0.5, 2.0 mg/mL) of (±)-catechin. Root growth and percent germination were measured over a 6-week period. The results indicate that C. stoebe abundance is negatively correlated with native plant species abundance and may alter plant community composition. Moreover root radical growth was significantly negatively affected by treatment with (±)-catechin in all four native plant species that exhibited a negative correlation with knapweed abundance in the field. Past studies have failed to conclusively link greenhouse results with plant community patterns. Here, we provide a correlative link between plant community composition and tolerance to a phytotoxin.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bais HP, Walker TS, Kennan AJ, Stermitz FR, Vivanco JM (2003a) Structure-dependant phytotoxicity of catechins and other flavonoids: flavonoid conservations by cell-free protein extracts of Centaurea maculosa (Spotted Knapweed) roots. J Agric Food Chem 51:897–901
Bais HP, Vepachedu R, Gilroy S, Callaway RM, Vivanco JM (2003b) Allelopathy and exotic plant invasion: from molecules and genes to species interactions. Science 301:1377–1380
Beers TW, Dress PE, Wendel LC (1996) Aspect transformation in site productivity research. J For 64:1406–1419
Blair AC, Hanson BD, Brunk GR, Marrs RA, Westra P, Nissen SJ, Hufbauer RA (2005) New techniques and findings in the study of a candidate allelochemical implicated in invasion success. Ecol Lett 8:1039–1047
Blair AC, Nissan SJ, Brunk GR, Hufbauer RA (2006) A lack of evidence for an ecological role of the putative allelochemical (±)-catechin in Spotted Knapweed invasion success. J Chem Ecol 32:2327–2331
Broeckling CD, Vivanco JM (2008) A selective, sensitive, and rapid in-field assay for soil catechin, an allelochemical of C. maculosa. Soil Biol Biochem 40:1189–1196
Callaway RM, Aschehoug ET (2000) Invasive plants versus their new and old neighbors: a mechanism for exotic invasion. Science 290:521–523
Callaway RM, Ridenour WM (2004) Novel weapons: invasive success and the evolution of increased competitive ability. Front Ecol Environ 2:436–443
Callaway RM, Vivanco JM (2007) Invasion into native communities using the underground information superhighway. Allelopath J 19:143–152
Callaway RM, Ridenour WM, Laboski T, Weir T, Vivanco JM (2005) Natural selection for resistance to the allelopathic effects of invasive plants. J Ecol 93:576–583
Daubenmire RF (1959) Canopy coverage method of vegetation analysis. Northwest Sci 33:43–64
Duke SO, Blair AC, Dayan FE, Johnson RD, Meepagala KM, Cook D, Bajsa J (2009) Is (−)- catechin a novel weapon of Spotted Knapweed (Centaurea stoebe)? J Chem Ecol 35:141–153
Furubayashi A, Hiradate S, Fujii Y (2007) Role of catochol structure in the adsorption and transformation reactions of L-Dopa in soils. J Chem Ecol 33:239–250
Grubb PJ (1977) The maintenance of species richness in plant communities: the importance of the regeneration niche. Biol Rev 52:107–145
Hierro JL, Callaway RM (2003) Allelopathy and exotic plant invasion. Plant Soil 256:29–39
Inderjit (2005) Soil microorganisms: an important determinant of allelopathic activity. Plant Soil 274:227–236
Inderjit, Callaway RM, Vivanco. JM (2006) Can plant biochemistry contribute to understanding of invasion ecology? Trends Plant Sci 11:574–580
Inderjit, Pollock JL, Callaway RM, Holben WE (2008a) Phytotoxic effects of (±)-catechin in vitro, in soil, and in the field. PLoS ONE 3:e2536
Inderjit, Seastedt TR, Callaway RM, Pollock JL, Kaur J (2008b) Allelopathy and plant invasions: traditional, congeneric, and biogeographical approaches. Biol Invasions 10:875–890
Kennedy TA, Naeem S, Howe KM, Knops JMH, Tilman D, Reich P (2002) Biodiversity as a barrier to ecological invasion. Nature 417:636–638
Krajina VJ (1965) Biogeoclimatic zones and biogeocoenoses of British Columbia. Ecol West N Amer 1:1–17
LeJeune KD, Seastedt TR (2001) Centaurea species: the forb that won the west. Conserv Biol 15:1568–1574
McCune B, Mefford MJ (1999) PC-ORD. Multivariate analysis of ecological data: version 4.41. MjM Software, Gleneden Beach, Oregon, USA
Meidinger D, Pojar J (1991) Ecosystems of British Columbia. British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Victoria 330 pp
Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks (2000) Lac du Bois grassland park management plan background document. For BC Parks
Naeem S, Knops JMH, Tilman D, Howe KM, Kennedy T, Gale S (2000) Plant diversity increases resistance to invasion in the absence of covarying intrinsic factors. Oikos 91:97–108
Ortega YK, Pearson DE (2005) Weak vs, strong invaders of natural plant communities: assessing invasibility and impact. Ecol Appl 15:651–661
Perry LG, Johnson C, Alford ER, Vivanco JM, Paschke M (2005a) Screening of grassland plants for restoration after spotted knapweed invasion. Restor Ecol 13:725–735
Perry LG, Thelen GC, Ridenour WM, Weir TL, Callaway RM, Paschke MW, Vivanco JM (2005b) Dual role for an allelochemical: (±)-catechin from Centaurea maculosa root exudates regulates conspecific seedling establishment. J Ecol 93:1126–1135
Perry LG, Thelen GC, Ridenour WM, Callaway RM, Paschke MW, Vivanco JM (2007) Concentrations of the Allelochemical (±)-catechin in Centaurea maculosa. J Chem Ecol 33:2337–2344
Pollock JL, Callaway RM, Thelen GC, Holben WE (2009) Catechin-metal interactions as a mechanism for conditional allelopathy by the invasive plant Centaurea maculosa. J Ecol 97:1234–1242
Prithiviraj B, Perry LG, Badri DV, Vivanco JM (2007) Chemical facilitation and induced pathogen resistance mediated by a root-secreted phytotoxin. New Phytol 173:852–860
R Development Core Team (2007) R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria
Ridenour WM, Callaway RM (2001) The relative importance of allelopathy in interference: the effects of an invasive weed on a native bunchgrass. Oecologia 126:444–450
Rinella MJ, Jacobs JS, Sheley RL, Borkowski JJ (2001) Spotted knapweed response to season and frequency of mowing. J Range Manag 54:52–56
Simoes K, Du J, Kretzschmar FS, Broekling CD, Stermitz FS, Vicanco JM, Braga RM (2008) Phytotoxic catechin leached by seeds of the tropical weed Sesbania virgata. J Chem Ecol 34:681–687
Stermitz FR, Hufbauer RA, Vivanco JM (2009) Retraction. Enantiomeric-dependent phytotoxic and antimicrobial activity of (±)-catechin. A rhizosecreted racemic mixture from spotted knapweed. Plant Physiol 151:967
Stohlgren TJ, Falkner MB, Schell LD (1995) A modified-Whittaker nested vegetation sampling method. Vegetation 117:113–121
Stohlgren TJ, Binkley D, Chong GW, Kalkhan MA, Schell LD, Bull KA, Otsuki Y, Newman G, Bashkin M, Son Y (1999) Exotic plant species invade hot spots of native plant diversity. Ecol Monogr 69:25–46
Strang RM, Lindsay KM, Price RS (1979) Knapweeds: British Columbia’s undesirable aliens. Rangelands 1:141–143
Tharayil N, Triebwasser DJ (2010) Elucidation of a diurnal pattern of catechin exudation by Centaurea stoebe. J Chem Ecol 36:200–204
Thelen GC, Vivanco JM, Newingham B, Good W, Bais HP, Landres P, Caesar A, Callaway RM (2005) Insect herbivory stimulates allelopathic exudation by an invasive plant and the suppression of natives. Ecol Lett 8:209–217
Thorpe AS, Thelen GC, Diaconu A, Callaway RM (2009) Root exudate is allelopathic in invaded community but not in native community: field evidence for the novel weapons hypothesis. J Ecol 97:641–645
Veluri R, Weir TL, Bais HP, Stermitz FR, Vivanco JM (2004) Phytotoxic and antimicrobial activities of catechin derivatives. J Agric Food Chem 52:1077–1082
Weir TL, Bais HP, Vivanco JM (2003) Intraspecific and interspecific interactions mediated by a phytotoxin, (−)-catechin, secreted by the roots of Centaurea maculosa (Spotted Knapweed). J Chem Ecol 29:2397–2412
Weir TL, Bais HP, Stull VJ, Callaway RM, Thelen GC, Ridenour WM, Bhamidi S, Stermitz FR, Vivanco JM (2005) Oxalate contributes to the resistance of Gaillardia grandiflora and Lupinus sericeus to a phytotoxin produced by Centaurea maculosa. Planta 223:785–795
Weir TL, Bais HP, Vivanco JM (2009) Intraspecific and interspecific interactions mediated by a phytotoxin (−)-catechin, secreted by the roots of Centaurea maculosa (Spotted Knapweed). J Chem Ecol 35:860
Acknowledgments
We would like to express our appreciation for the Thompson Rivers University Comprehensive University Endowment Fund (CUEF) committee for choosing to support one field season of research. Also thanks to Dr. Nancy Flood, Dr. Ron Smith, Carolynne Fardy, Chrisitne Petersen and Natalie Jones whose help was invaluable. Lastly, we sincerely thank the two anonymous reviewers of this study, whose insightful inputs and contributions into this currently controversial topic were greatly appreciated.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
May, L., Baldwin, L.K. Linking field based studies with greenhouse experiments: the impact of Centaurea stoebe (=C. maculosa) in British Columbia grasslands. Biol Invasions 13, 919–931 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-010-9879-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-010-9879-4