Abstract
Purpose
This paper addresses long-standing solar physics problems, namely, the heating of the solar chromosphere and the origin of the solar wind. Our aim is to reveal the related mechanisms behind chromospheric heating and plasma outflows in a quiet-Sun.
Methods
The approach is based on a two-fluid numerical model that accounts for thermal non-equilibrium (ionization/recombination), non-adiabatic and non-ideal dynamics of protons+electrons and hydrogen atoms. The model is applied to numerically simulate the propagation and dissipation of granulation-generated waves in the chromosphere and plasma flows inside a quiet region.
Results
The obtained results demonstrate that collisions between protons+electrons and hydrogen atoms supplemented by plasma viscosity, magnetic resistivity, and recombination lead to thermal energy release, which compensates radiative and thermal losses in the chromosphere, and sustains the atmosphere with vertical profiles of averaged temperature and periods of generated waves that are consistent with recent observational data.
Conclusion
Our model conjectures a most robust and global physical picture of granulation generated wave motions, plasma flows, and subsequent heating, which form and dynamically couple the various layers of the solar atmosphere.
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Acknowledgements
K.M. expresses his thanks to Fan Zhang, Teimury Zaqarashvili, Elena Khomenko, Błażej Kuźma, Michaela Brchnelova, Ramon Oliver, Gabor Toth, Takashi Tanaka, Naoki Terada, and Ryoya Sakata for stimulating discussions on the adopted two-fluid model. The JOANNA code was developed by Darek Wójcik with some contribution of Luis Kadowaki and Piotr Wołoszkiewicz. This work was done within the framework of the project from the Polish Science Center (NCN) Grant No. 2020/37/B/ST9/00184. A. K. Srivastava acknowledges the ISRO Project Grant (DS_2B512 13012(2)/26/2022-Sect. 2) for the support of his research. We visualize the simulation data using the VisIt software package (Childs et al. 2012). SP acknowledges support from the projects C14/19/089 (C1 project Internal Funds KU Leuven), G.0D07.19N (FWO-Vlaanderen), SIDC Data Exploitation (ESA Prodex-12), and Belspo project B2/191/P1/SWiM.
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K. M. ran the code, analysed the numerical data, and edited the draft. The other authors edited the draft and participated in discussions and analysis of the results. Luis Kadowaki adopted the code for the present project.
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Murawski, K., Musielak, Z.E., Poedts, S. et al. Two-fluid numerical model of chromospheric heating and plasma outflows in a quiet-Sun. Astrophys Space Sci 367, 111 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10509-022-04152-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10509-022-04152-4