Abstract
For the study of nonlinear stability of a dynamical system, normalized Hamiltonian of the system is very important to discuss the dynamics in the vicinity of invariant objects. In general, it represents a nonlinear approximation to the dynamics, which is very helpful to obtain the information as regards a realistic solution of the problem. In the present study, normalization of the Hamiltonian and analysis of nonlinear stability in non-resonance case, in the Chermnykh-like problem under the influence of perturbations in the form of radiation pressure, oblateness, and a disc is performed. To describe nonlinear stability, initially, quadratic part of the Hamiltonian is normalized in the neighborhood of triangular equilibrium point and then higher order normalization is performed by computing the fourth order normalized Hamiltonian with the help of Lie transforms. In non-resonance case, nonlinear stability of the system is discussed using the Arnold–Moser theorem. Again, the effects of radiation pressure, oblateness and the presence of the disc are analyzed separately and it is observed that in the absence as well as presence of perturbation parameters, triangular equilibrium point is unstable in the nonlinear sense within the stability range \(0<\mu<\mu_{1}=\bar{\mu_{c}}\) due to failure of the Arnold–Moser theorem. However, perturbation parameters affect the values of \(\mu\) at which \(D_{4}=0\), significantly. This study may help to analyze more generalized cases of the problem in the presence of some other types of perturbations such as P-R drag and solar wind drag. The results are limited to the regular symmetric disc but it can be extended in the future.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alvarez-RamÃrez, M., de Formiga, J.K., Moraes, R.V., Skea, J.E.F., Stuchi, T.J.: The stability of the triangular libration points for the plane circular restricted three-body problem with light pressure (2012). ArXiv e-prints arXiv:1212.2179
Benettin, G., Fassò, F., Guzzo, M.: Nekhoroshev-stability of l4 and l5 in the spatial restricted three-body problem. Regul. Chaotic Dyn. 3(3), 56–72 (1998)
Bhatnagar, K.B., Hallan, P.P.: The effect of perturbations in Coriolis and centrifugal forces on the nonlinear stability of equilibrium points in the restricted problem of three bodies. Celest. Mech. 30, 97–114 (1983). doi:10.1007/BF01231105
Birkhoff, G.D.: Dynamical System. Amer. Math. Soc. Colloq. Publ., New York (1927)
Chermnykh, S.V.: Stability of libration points in a gravitational field. Leningradskii Universitet Vestnik Matematika Mekhanika Astronomiia, pp. 73–77 (1987)
Coppola, V.T., Rand, R.H.: Computer algebra implementation of Lie transforms for Hamiltonian systems: application to the nonlinear stability of L4. Z. Angew. Math. Mech. 69, 275–284 (1989). doi:10.1002/zamm.19890690903
Deprit, A.: Canonical transformations depending on a parameter. Celest. Mech. 1, 1–31 (1969a)
Deprit, A.: Canonical transformations depending on a small parameter. Celest. Mech. 1, 12–30 (1969b). doi:10.1007/BF01230629
Deprit, A., Deprit-Bartholome, A.: Stability of the triangular Lagrangian points. Astron. J. 72, 173 (1967). doi:10.1086/110213
Dragt, A., Finn, J.M.: Lie series and invariant functions for analytic symplectic maps. J. Math. Phys. 17, 2215 (1976)
Efthymiopoulos, C., Sándor, Z.: Optimized Nekhoroshev stability estimates for the Trojan asteroids with a symplectic mapping model of co-orbital motion. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 364, 253–271 (2005). doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09572.x
Gabern, F., Jorba, À., Locatelli, U.: On the construction of the Kolmogorov normal form for the Trojan asteroids. Nonlinearity 18, 1705–1734 (2005). doi:10.1088/0951-7715/18/4/017
Giorgilli, A., Skokos, C.: On the stability of the Trojan asteroids. Astron. Astrophys. 317, 254–261 (1997)
Goździewski, K.: Nonlinear stability of the Lagrangian libration points in the Chermnykh problem. Celest. Mech. Dyn. Astron. 70, 41–58 (1998). doi:10.1023/A:1008250207046
Goździewski, K.: Stability of the triangular libration points in the unrestricted planar problem of a symmetric rigid body and a point mass. Celest. Mech. Dyn. Astron. 85, 79–103 (2003)
Goździewski, K., Maciejewski, A.J.: Unrestricted planar problem of a symmetric body and a point mass. Triangular libration points and their stability. Celest. Mech. Dyn. Astron. 75, 251–285 (1999)
Ishwar, B.: Non-linear stability in the generalized restricted three-body problem. Celest. Mech. Dyn. Astron. 65, 253–289 (1997)
Jiang, I.G., Ip, W.H.: The planetary system of upsilon Andromedae. Astron. Astrophys. 367, 943–948 (2001). arXiv:astro-ph/0008174. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20000468
Jiang, I.G., Yeh, L.C.: Dynamical effects from asteroid belts for planetary systems. Int. J. Bifurc. Chaos 14, 3153–3166 (2004a). arXiv:astro-ph/0309220
Jiang, I.G., Yeh, L.C.: On the Chaotic Orbits of Disc-Star-Planet Systems. ArXiv Astrophysics e-prints (2004b). arXiv:astro-ph/0404408
Jiang, I.G., Yeh, L.C.: On the Chermnykh-like problems: I. The mass parameter \({\mu} = 0.5\). Astrophys. Space Sci. 305, 341–348 (2006). arXiv:astro-ph/0610735. doi:10.1007/s10509-006-9065-4
Jorba, A.: A methodology for the numerical computation of normal forms, centre manifolds and first integrals of Hamiltonian systems. Exp. Math. 8(2), 155–195 (1999)
Kishor, R., Kushvah, B.S.: Linear stability and resonances in the generalized photogravitational Chermnykh-like problem with a disc. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 436, 1741–1749 (2013). doi:10.1093/mnras/stt1692
Kishor, R., Kushvah, B.S.: Lyapunov characteristic exponents in the generalized photo-gravitational Chermnykh-like problem with power-law profile. Planet. Space Sci. 84, 93–101 (2013). doi:10.1016/j.pss.2013.04.017
Kushvah, B.S.: Linear stability of equilibrium points in the generalized photogravitational Chermnykh’s problem. Astrophys. Space Sci. 318, 41–50 (2008). arXiv:0806.1132. doi:10.1007/s10509-008-9898-0
Kushvah, B.S., Sharma, J.P., Ishwar, B.: Nonlinear stability in the generalised photogravitational restricted three body problem with Poynting–Robertson drag. Astrophys. Space Sci. 312, 279–293 (2007). arXiv:math/0609543. doi:10.1007/s10509-007-9688-0
Kushvah, B.S., Kishor, R., Dolas, U.: Existence of equilibrium points and their linear stability in the generalized photogravitational Chermnykh-like problem with power-law profile. Astrophys. Space Sci. 337, 115–127 (2012). arXiv:1107.5390. doi:10.1007/s10509-011-0857-9
Lhotka, C., Efthymiopoulos, C., Dvorak, R.: Nekhoroshev stability at \(\mathrm{L}_{4}\) or \(\mathrm{L}_{5}\) in the elliptic-restricted three-body problem—application to Trojan asteroids. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 384, 1165–1177 (2008). doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.12794.x
Littlewood, J.E.: The Lagrange configuration in celestial mechanics. Proc. Lond. Math. Soc. s3-9(4), 525–543 (1959a). doi:10.1112/plms/s3-9.4.525
Littlewood, J.E.: On the equilateral configuration in the restricted problem of three bodies. Proc. Lond. Math. Soc. s3-9(3), 343–372 (1959b). doi:10.1112/plms/s3-9.3.343
Markeev, A.P., Sokolskii, A.G.: On the stability of periodic motions which are close to Lagrangian solutions. Sov. Astron. 21, 507–512 (1977)
Markellos, V.V., Papadakis, K.E., Perdios, E.A.: Non-linear stability zones around triangular equilibria in the plane circular restricted three-body problem with oblateness. Astrophys. Space Sci. 245, 157–164 (1996). doi:10.1007/BF00637811
McCuskey, S.: Introduction to Celestial Mechanics. Addison-Wesley Series in Aerospace Science. Addison-Wesley, Reading (1963)
Meyer, K.R., Schmidt, D.S.: The stability of the Lagrange triangular point and a theorem of Arnold. J. Differ. Equ. 62, 222–236 (1986). doi:10.1016/0022-0396(86)90098-7
Meyer, K.R., Hall, G.R., Offin, D.C.: Introduction to Hamiltonian Dynamical Systems and the N-Body Problem. Springer, New York (1992). doi:10.1007/2F978-0-387-09724-4
Papadakis, K.E.: Motion around the triangular equilibrium points of the restricted three-body problem under angular velocity variation. Astrophys. Space Sci. 299, 129–148 (2005a). doi:10.1007/s10509-005-5158-8
Papadakis, K.E.: Numerical exploration of Chermnykh’s problem. Astrophys. Space Sci. 299, 67–81 (2005b). doi:10.1007/s10509-005-3070-x
Poincaré, H.: Mémoire sur les courbes définies par une équation différentielle, I. J. Math. Pures Appl. 7, 375–422 (1881)
Poincaré, H.: Mémoire sur les courbes définies par une équation différentielle, III. J. Math. Pures Appl. 1, 167–244 (1885)
Ragos, O., Zagouras, C.G.: On the existence of the ‘out of plane’ equilibrium points in the photogravitational restricted three-body problem. Astrophys. Space Sci. 209, 267–271 (1993). doi:10.1007/BF00627446
Rivera, E.J., Lissauer, J.J.: Stability analysis of the planetary system orbiting \(\upsilon\) Andromedae. Astrophys. J. 530, 454–463 (2000). doi:10.1086/308345
Schuerman, D.W.: The restricted three-body problem including radiation pressure. Astrophys. J. 238, 337–342 (1980). doi:10.1086/157989
Shevchenko, I.I.: Symbolic computation of the Birkhoff normal form in the problem of stability of the triangular libration points. Comput. Phys. Commun. 178, 665–672 (2008). doi:10.1016/j.cpc.2007.12.001
Subba Rao, P.V., Krishan Sharma, R.: Effect of oblateness on the non-linear stability of in the restricted three-body problem. Celest. Mech. Dyn. Astron. 65, 291–312 (1997)
Takens, F.: Normal forms for certain singularities of vector fields. Ann. Inst. Fourier 23, 163–195 (1973a)
Takens, F.: Singularities of vector fields. Publ. Math. IHES 43, 47–100 (1973b)
Ushiki, S.: Normal forms for degenerate singularties of ordinary differential equations (Japanese). Technical Research Report of Association of Electronic Communication 82:CAS82–115 (1982)
Ushiki, S.: Normal forms for singularties of vector fields. Jpn. J. Appl. Math. 1, 1–37 (1984)
Wolfram, S.: The Mathematica Book. Wolfram Media, Champaign (2003)
Yeh, L.C., Jiang, I.G.: On the Chermnykh-like problems: II. The equilibrium points. Astrophys. Space Sci. 306, 189–200 (2006). arXiv:astro-ph/0610767. doi:10.1007/s10509-006-9170-4
Acknowledgements
The authors are very thankful for the referee’s comments and suggestions; they have been very useful and have greatly improved the manuscript. The financial support by the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India through the SERC-Fast Track Scheme for Young Scientist [SR/FTP/PS-121/2009] is duly acknowledged. Some of the important references in addition to basic facilities are provided by IUCAA Library, Pune, India.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Appendix
Appendix
1.1 A.1 Arnold–Moser theorem (Meyer and Schmidt 1986; Meyer et al. 1992)
Consider a Hamiltonian, which is the function of canonical coordinates \(x_{i}, y_{i}, i=1, 2\), expressed as
where
-
1.
\(H\) is real analytic in the a neighborhood of the origin in \(\mathbb{R}^{4}\);
-
2.
\(H_{2k}, 1\leq k\leq n\), is a homogeneous function of degree \(k\) in \(I_{i}=\frac{1}{2}(x^{2}_{i}+y^{2}_{i}), i=1, 2\);
-
3.
\(H^{*}\) has a series expansion which starts with terms at least of order \(2n+1\);
-
4.
\(H_{2}=\omega_{1}I_{1}-\omega_{2}I_{2}\) with \(\omega_{i}, i=1, 2\) positive constants;
-
5.
\(H_{4}=\frac{1}{2} (AI^{2}_{1}-2BI_{1}I_{2}+CI^{2}_{2} ), A, B, C\) constants.
There are several implicit assumptions in stating that Hamiltonian \(H\) in the form of (77). As \(H\) is at least quadratic in canonical coordinates \(x_{i}, y_{i}, i=1, 2\), the origin is assumed to be the equilibrium point in question. Again, \(H_{2}=\omega_{1}I_{1}-\omega_{2}I_{2}\) is the Hamiltonian of two harmonic oscillators with frequency \(\omega_{1}\) and \(\omega_{2}\), the linearization at the origin of the system of equations whose Hamiltonian is \(H\), is two harmonic oscillators. Since \(H_{2}\) is not sign definite, a simple appeal to the stability theorem of Lyapunov cannot be made. Again, \(H_{2}, H_{4}, \dots, H_{2n}\) are functions of only \(I_{i}=\frac{1}{2}(x_{i}+y_{i}), i=1, 2\), the Hamiltonian is assumed to be in Birkhoff’s normal form up to terms of degree \(2n\). Birkhoff’s normal form usually requires some non-resonance assumptions on the frequencies \(\omega_{1}\) and \(\omega_{2}\), but in order to state the theorem, we assume that \(H\) is in the required form.
Theorem A.1
Arnold–Moser
The origin is stable for the system whose Hamiltonian is (77) provided for some \(k, 2\leq k\leq n, D_{2k}=H_{2k}(\omega_{2}, \omega_{1})\neq 0\) or equivalently provided \(H_{2}\) does not divide \(H_{2k}\).
1.2 A.2 Coefficient in \(K_{2}\)
1.3 A.3 Coefficient in \(D_{2}\)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kishor, R., Kushvah, B.S. Normalization of Hamiltonian and nonlinear stability of the triangular equilibrium points in non-resonance case with perturbations. Astrophys Space Sci 362, 156 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10509-017-3132-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10509-017-3132-x