Abstract
A 60-day feeding trial was conducted to estimate the optimum phosphorus requirement of juvenile bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis). Fish (initial body weight: 2.42 ± 0.08 g) were hand-fed with six isoproteic (437 g kg−1) and isolipidic (68 g kg−1) diets containing graded phosphorus levels (0.90, 4.40, 8.30, 11.90, 15.50, and 19.30 g kg−1) thrice daily to apparent satiation. Each diet was randomly assigned to triplicate tanks, and each tank was stocked with 30 fish. The highest weight gain rate (WGR, 288.94%) and specific growth rate (2.28% day−1) and the best feed conversion rate (FCR, 1.91) were recorded in fish fed 8.30 g kg−1 phosphorus. The body composition analysis showed that the phosphorus contents in the whole body, muscle, vertebra, and plasma of fish fed the phosphorus-supplemented diets were higher than those of fish fed the control diet, whereas the phosphorus retention rate and crude lipid contents in the whole body and muscle presented the reverse results. The highest activity of lipase (41.97 U g−1 prot) in the intestine was found in fish fed the diet with 11.90 g kg−1 phosphorus. Further, the contents of total protein, albumin, and globulin in plasma were increased as dietary phosphorus levels ranged from 0.90 to 11.90 g kg−1 and then decreased with further increased phosphorus levels. The highest contents of triglyceride (1.85 mmol L−1) and total cholesterol (2.16 mmol L−1) in plasma occurred at dietary phosphorus level of 0.90 g kg−1. Broken-line model analysis based on WGR, FCR, and the phosphorus contents of the whole body and vertebra indicated that the optimal phosphorus requirements for juvenile bighead carp were 7.16, 9.02, 10.88, and 11.04 g kg−1, respectively.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Availability of data and material
All data and material are reliable.
Code availability
Not applicable for that section.
References
AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemists) (2012) Official methods of analysis of AOAC International. Gaithersburg, Marylands
Araújo J, Guimarães I, Mota C, De Paula F, Café M, Pádua D (2017) Dietary available phosphorus requirement for tambaqui, Colossoma macropomum, juveniles based on growth, haematology and bone mineralization. Aquacult Nutr 23(4):822–832. https://doi.org/10.1111/anu.12449
Caballero MJ, Izquierdo MS, Kjorsvik E, Montero D, Socorro J, Fernandez AJ, Rosenlund G (2003) Morphological aspects of intestinal cells from gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) fed diets containing different lipid sources. Aquac 225(1–4):325–340. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0044-8486(03)00299-0
Chen K, Jiang WD, Wu P, Liu Y, Kuang SY, Tang L, Tang WN, Zhang YA, Zhou XQ, Feng L (2017) Effect of dietary phosphorus deficiency on the growth, immune function and structural integrity of head kidney, spleen and skin in young grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Fish Shellfish Immunol 63:103–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2017.02.007
Coloso RM, King K, Fletcher JW, Hendrix MA, Subramanyam M, Weis P, Ferraris RP (2003) Phosphorus utilization in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed practical diets and its consequences on effluent phosphorus levels. Aquac 220(1–4):801–820. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(02)00403-9
Das K, Tripathi S (1991) Studies on the digestive enzymes of grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella (Val.). Aquac 92:21–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(91)90005-R
Davis KB (2004) Temperature affects physiological stress responses to acute confinement in sunshine bass (Morone chrysops × Morone saxatilis). Comp Biochem Physiol a: Mo Integr Physiol 139(4):433–440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpb.2004.09.012
El-Zibdeh M, Yoshimatsu T, Matsui S, Furuichi M, Kitajima C, Azuma R (1995) Requirement of redlip mullet for dietary phosphorus. Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University 40(1):135–145. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00060a018
FAPRC (Fisheries Administration of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China) (2021) China Fisheries Statistical Yearbook. China Agricultural Press, Beijing
Furuya WM, Fujii KM, dos Santos LD, Silva TSD, da Silva LCR, Sales PJ (2008) Available phosphorus requirements of juvenile Nile tilapia. Revista Brasileira De Zootecnia-Brazilian Journal of Animal Science 37(9):1517–1522. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1516-35982008000900001
Görgényi J, Boros G, Vitál Z, Mozsár A, Várbíró G, Vasas G, Borics G (2016) The role of filter-feeding Asian carps in algal dispersion. Hydrobiologia 764(1):115–126. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-015-2285-2
Hossain MA, Yoshimatsu T (2014) Dietary calcium requirement in fishes. Aquacult Nutr 20(1):1–11. https://doi.org/10.1111/anu.12135
Ji K, Liang H, Mi H, Mokrani A, Xie J, Liu B, Ge X, Ren M (2017) Effects of dietary phosphorus levels on growth performance, plasma biochemical parameters and relative gene expression of lipogenesis of bighead carp, Aristichthys nobilis. Isr J quacult-Bamid 69:1451–1460. https://doi.org/10.46989/001c.20842
Kumar S, Sahu N, Pal A, Choudhury D, Yengkokpam S, Mukherjee S (2005) Effect of dietary carbohydrate on haematology, respiratory burst activity and histological changes in L. rohita juveniles. Fish Shellfish Immunol 19(4):331–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2005.03.001
Lall SP, Lewis-McCrea LM (2007) Role of nutrients in skeletal metabolism and pathology in fish - An overview. Aquac 267(1–4):3–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.02.053
Lazzari R, Baldisserotto B (2008) Nitrogen and phosphorus waste in fish farming. Bol Inst Pesca 34(4):591–600. https://doi.org/10.1051/alr:2008020
Lellis W, Barrows F, Hardy R (2004) Effects of phase-feeding dietary phosphorus on survival, growth, and processing characteristics of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Aquac 242(1–4):607–616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2004.09.016
Li XM, Zhu YJ, Ringo E, Wang XG, Gong JL, Yang DG (2018) Intestinal microbiome and its potential functions in bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis) under different feeding strategies. PeerJ 6:e6000. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6000
Liang JJ, Liu YJ, Tian LX, Yang HJ, Liang GY (2012a) Dietary available phosphorus requirement of juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Aquacult Nutr 18(2):181–188. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2095.2011.00887.x
Liang JJ, Liu YJ, Tian LX, Yang HJ, Liang GY (2012) Effects of dietary phosphorus and starch levels on growth performance, body composition and nutrient utilization of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella Val.). Aquac Res 43(8):1200–1208. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2011.02924.x
Lu KL, Ji ZL, Rahimnejad S, Zhang CX, Wang L, Song K (2017) De novo assembly and characterization of seabass Lateolabrax japonicus transcriptome and expression of hepatic genes following different dietary phosphorus/calcium levels. Comp Biochem Physiol d: Genomics Proteomics 24:51–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbd.2017.08.001
Luo Z, Tan XY, Liu X, Wang WM (2010) Dietary total phosphorus requirement of juvenile yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco. Aquacult Int 18(5):897–908. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-009-9310-2
Miller KK, Rossi WJ, Habte-Tsion HM (2021) Assessment of total dietary phosphorus requirement of juvenile largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides, using soybean meal-based diets: effects on production performance, tissue mineralization, physiological parameters in plasma and intestine and expression of head-kidney genes. Aquacult Nutr 27(1):116–128. https://doi.org/10.1111/anu.13169
Musharraf M, Khan MA (2019) Dietary phosphorus requirement of fingerling Indian major carp, Labeo rohita (Hamilton). J World Aquacult Soc 50(2):469–484. https://doi.org/10.1111/jwas.12521
NRC (National Research Council) (2011) Nutrient requirements of fish and shrimp. National Academy Press, Washington, DC
Nwanna LC, Kühlwein H, Schwarz FJ (2010) Phosphorus requirement of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) based on growth and mineralization. Aquac Res 41(3):401–410. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2009.02221.x
Patriche T, Patriche N, Bocioc E, Coada MT (2011) Serum biochemical parameters of farmed carp (Cyprinus carpio). AACL Bioflux 4(2):137–140
Roy PK, Lall SP (2003) Dietary phosphorus requirement of juvenile haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus). Aquac 221(1–4):451–468. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(03)00065-6
Roy PK, Witten PE, Hall BK, Lall SP (2002) Effects of dietary phosphorus on bone growth and mineralisation of vertebra in haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus). Fish Physiol Biochem 27(1):35–48. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:FISH.0000021778.99011.ce
Sambraus F, Hansen T, Daae BS, Thorsen A, Sandvik R, Stien LH, Fraser TWK, Fjelldal PG (2020) Triploid Atlantic salmon Salmo salar have a higher dietary phosphorus requirement for bone mineralization during early development. J Fish Biol 97(1):137–147. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.14338
Schamber CR, Boscolo WR, Marcal Natali MR, Michelato M, Barriviera Furuya VR, Furuya WM (2014) Growth performance and bone mineralization of large Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed graded levels of available phosphorus. Aquacult Int 22(5):1711–1721. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-014-9776-4
Shahsavani D, Kazerani HR, Kaveh S, Gholipour-Kanani H (2010) Determination of some normal serum parameters in starry sturgeon (Acipenser stellatus Pallas, 1771) during Spring season. Comp Clin Path 19(1):57–61. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00580-009-0899-3
Shao QJ, Ma JJ, Xu ZR, Hu WL, Xu JZ, Xie SQ (2008) Dietary phosphorus requirement of juvenile black seabream, Sparus macrocephalus. Aquac 277(1–2):92–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.01.029
Shen HM, Chen XR, Chen WY, Lin SM, Chen YJ, Zhang L, Luo L (2017) Influence of dietary phosphorus levels on growth, body composition, metabolic response and antioxidant capacity of juvenile snakehead (Channa argus × Channa maculata). Aquacult Nutr 23(4):662–670. https://doi.org/10.1111/anu.12433
Shiau SY, Tseng HC (2007) Dietary calcium requirements of juvenile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus× O. aureus, reared in fresh water. Aquacult Nutr 13(4):298–303. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2095.2007.00481.x
Sukumaran K, Pal AK, Sahu NP, Debnath D, Patro B (2010) Phosphorus requirement of Catla (Catla catla Hamilton) fingerlings based on growth, whole-body phosphorus concentration and non-faecal phosphorus excretion. Aquac Res 40(1):139–147. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2008.02073.x
Sun SM, Wu Y, Yu H, Su YL, Ren MC, Zhu J, Ge XP (2019) Serum biochemistry, liver histology and transcriptome profiling of bighead carp Aristichthys nobilis following different dietary protein levels. Fish Shellfish Immunol 86:832–839. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2018.12.028
Turchini GM, Hermon K, Cleveland BJ, Emery JA, Rankin T, Francis DS (2013) Seven fish oil substitutes over a rainbow trout grow-out cycle: I) Effects on performance and fatty acid metabolism. Aquacult Nutr 19:82–94. https://doi.org/10.1111/anu.12046
Uyan O, Koshio S, Ishikawa M, Uyan S, Ren T, Yokoyama S, Komilus CF, Michael FR (2007) Effects of dietary phosphorus and phospholipid level on growth, and phosphorus deficiency signs in juvenile Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. Aquac 267(1–4):44–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.01.020
Wang CF, Tang Q, Luo W, Zhao YM (2016) Modeling phosphorus metabolism in fish species: an example for juvenile yellow catfish, Pelteobagrus fulvidraco. Aquacult Int 24(1):281–294. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-015-9925-4
Wang CA, Wang LS, Li JN, Qin DL, Yin JS (2017) Effects of dietary phosphorus on growth, body composition, and blood chemistry of juvenile taimen Hucho taimen. Aquacult Int 25(6):2135–2148. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-017-0178-2
Wang P, Li X, Xu Z, Ji D, He M, Dang J, Leng XJ (2021) The digestible phosphorus requirement in practical diet for largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) based on growth and feed utilization. Aquac Fish. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aaf.2020.11.002
Wen J, Jiang WD, Feng L, Kuang SY, Jiang J, Tang L, Zhou XQ, Liu Y (2015) The influence of graded levels of available phosphorus on growth performance, muscle antioxidant and flesh quality of young grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Anim Nutr 1(2):77–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2015.05.004
Witten PE, Fjelldal PG, Huysseune A, McGurk C, Obach A, Owen MA (2019) Bone without minerals and its secondary mineralization in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): the recovery from phosphorus deficiency. J Exp Biol 222(3):jeb188763. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.188763
Xie D, Han D, Zhu X, Yang Y, Jin J, Liu H, Xie S (2017) Dietary available phosphorus requirement for on-growing gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio var. CAS III). Aquacult Nutr 23(5):1104–1112. https://doi.org/10.1111/anu.12478
Xu HG, Zhang X, Wei YL, Sun B, Jia LL, Liang MQ (2020) Effects of dietary phosphorus level and stocking density on tiger puffer Takifugu rubripes: growth performance, body composition, lipid metabolism, deposition of phosphorus and calcium, serum biochemical parameters, and phosphorus excretion. Aquac 529:735709. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.735709
Xu QY, Xu H, Wang C, Zheng Q, Sun D (2011) Studies on dietary phosphorus requirement of juvenile Siberian sturgeon Acipenser baerii. J Appl Ichthyol 27(2):709–714. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2011.01677.x
Yan L, Zhou XQ (2006) Dietary glutamine supplementation improves structure and function of intestine of juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian). Aquac 256(1–4):389–394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.02.011
Yang SD, Lin TS, Liu FG, Liou CH (2006) Influence of dietary phosphorus levels on growth, metabolic response and body composition of juvenile silver perch (Bidyanus bidyanus). Aquac 253(1–4):592–601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2005.09.002
Yao YF, Jiang M, Wen H, Wu F, Liu W, Tian J, Yang CG (2014) Dietary phosphorus requirement of GIFT strain of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus reared in freshwater. Aquacult Nutr 20(3):273–280. https://doi.org/10.1111/anu.12075
Yu H, Yang Q, Liang HL, Ren MC, Ge XP, Ji K (2021) Effects of stocking density and dietary phosphorus levels on the growth performance, antioxidant capacity, and nitrogen and phosphorus emissions of juvenile blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala). Aquacult Nutr 27(2):581–591. https://doi.org/10.1111/anu.13208
Yu HR, Zhang Q, Xiong DM, Huang GQ, Li WZ, Liu SW (2013) Dietary available phosphorus requirement of juvenile walking catfish, Clarias leather. Aquacult Nutr 19(4):483–490. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2095.2012.00982.x
Zhang CX, Mai KS, Ai QH, Zhang WB, Duan QY, Tan BP, Ma HM, Xu W, Liufu ZG, Wang XJ (2006) Dietary phosphorus requirement of juvenile Japanese seabass, Lateolabrax japonicus. Aquac 255(1–4):201–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2005.11.040
Zhang YF, Yue YR, Tian LX, Liu YJ, Wang AL, Yang HJ, Liang GY, Ye CX (2015) Dietary phosphorus requirements of juvenile hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus♀ × O. Aureus♂) fed fishmeal-free practical diets. Isr J Quacult-Bamid 67:1–12
Funding
This study was supported by Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Special Aquatic Formula Feed (Fujian Tianma Science and Technology Group Co., Ltd., Project Number: TMKJZ2003).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Feng Huang designed the research; Lei Liu conducted the experiments and analyzed the data; Meifeng Li and Juan Tian wrote this paper; Li Zhang, Bing Hu, Xianqin Hu and Yuanyuan Wang have primary responsibility for final content, all the authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Ethics approval
Bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis) are allowed to be farmed in China and are not endangered or protected species. All animal care and use procedures were approved by Wuhan Polytechnic University.
Consent to participate
All authors agreed to participate in this research.
Consent for publication
All authors agreed to publish this paper.
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Meifeng Li and Li Zhang are equally the first authors.
Handling Editor: Gavin Burnell
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Li, M., Zhang, L., Hu, B. et al. Dietary phosphorus requirement for juvenile bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis). Aquacult Int 30, 1675–1692 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-022-00834-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-022-00834-6