Abstract
Prior studies show that neurofeedback training (NFT) of mu rhythms improves behavior and EEG mu rhythm suppression during action observation in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, intellectually impaired persons were excluded because of their behavioral challenges. We aimed to determine if intellectually impaired children with ASD, who were behaviorally prepared to take part in a mu-NFT study using conditioned auditory reinforcers, would show improvements in symptoms and mu suppression following mu-NFT. Seven children with ASD (ages 6–8; mean IQ 70.6 ± 7.5) successfully took part in mu-NFT. Four cases demonstrated positive learning trends (hit rates) during mu-NFT (learners), and three cases did not (non-learners). Artifact-creating behaviors were present during tests of mu suppression for all cases, but were more frequent in non-learners. Following NFT, learners showed behavioral improvements and were more likely to show evidence of a short-term increase in mu suppression relative to non-learners who showed little to no EEG or behavior improvements. Results support mu-NFT’s application in some children who otherwise may not have been able to take part without enhanced behavioral preparations. Children who have more limitations in demonstrating learning during NFT, or in providing data with relatively low artifact during task-dependent EEG tests, may have less chance of benefiting from mu-NFT. Improving the identification of ideal mu-NFT candidates, mu-NFT learning rates, source analyses, EEG outcome task performance, population-specific artifact-rejection methods, and the theoretical bases of NFT protocols, could aid future BCI-based, neurorehabilitation efforts.
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All authors contributed to the research design, data analyses and interpretation, and writing and preparing of the manuscript. KL conducted the diagnostic assessments, TAGteach training, and data collection. AL supervised the diagnostic testing. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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LaMarca, K., Gevirtz, R., Lincoln, A.J. et al. Brain–Computer Interface Training of mu EEG Rhythms in Intellectually Impaired Children with Autism: A Feasibility Case Series. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback 48, 229–245 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10484-022-09576-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10484-022-09576-w