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Ferruginous microstromatolites related to Middle Jurassic condensed sequences and hardgrounds (Bucegi Mountains, Southern Carpathians, Romania)

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Abstract

Integrated analyses of ferruginous laminated crusts and macro-oncoids associated with Middle Jurassic (Bathonian-Callovian) hardgrounds and condensed horizons cropping out in the Bucegi Mountains (Southern Carpathians) allowed an assessment of their microbial origin and the paleoenvironmental context of their genesis. The ferruginous microstromatolites reveal different morphological types (or macrofabrics): ferruginous microstromatolites representing the hardgrounds crusts, ferruginous endostromatolites and oncoidal ferruginous microstromatolites. The last are associated with ooidal bioclastic grainstone, ooidal bioclastic grainstone-packstone, bioclastic ooidal packstone-grainstone, oncoidal floatstone and rudstone, stromatolitic bindstone, bioclastic wackestone-packstone and bioclastic wackestone microfacies. The host mineral of the ferruginous microbialites is calcite, but microbially induced iron oxyhydroxides (goethite and magnetite) prevail in the ferruginous laminae. Petrographical and scanning electron microscope (SEM) investigations revealed that these ferruginous microstromatolites were formed by the activity of microbial mats dominated by putative bacterial and fungal filaments. Locations with reduced or no sedimentation, in relatively deep-water, open-marine shelf environments, below fair-weather wave base or near to storm wave base, within the deep euphotic zone, were favorable for the hardening of the seafloor and the development of the microbial mats. The scarcity of an autochthonous benthic fauna and of burrowing, as well as the presence of framboidal pyrite suggest dysaerobic conditions. In such an environment, iron would have been in its soluble state (Fe2+) and the activity of micro-aerophylic iron-oxidizing bacteria appears to have been particularly intensive at the dysoxic-anoxic interface, inducing the precipitation of iron oxyhydroxides and the formation of diverse ferruginous microstromatolites.

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Acknowledgments

We would like to acknowledge Professor Ioan Bucur for his contribution in identifying the microfauna, Dr. Jörn Peckmann for facilitating the stable isotopes analyses and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) at the Center for Marine Environmental Science (University of Bremen), Dr. Barbara Soare and Dr. Cristian Panaiotu for helping with XRD and XRF analyses. Csiki Zoltan is acknowledged for revision of the English of the manuscript. We would like also to acknowledge Professor Maurice Tucker and to the anonymous reviewers for their corrections, comments and suggestions that strongly improved the original manuscript. Mihaela Grădinaru acknowledges POSDRU/6/1.5/S/24/2008. This work was supported by CNCS –UEFISCSU, project 1922 PNII—IDEI 1003/2008-2011, to Iuliana Lazăr.

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  1. Department of Geology, Faculty of Geology and Geophysics, University of Bucharest, 1 N. Bălcescu Bd, 010041, Bucharest, Romania

    Iuliana Lazăr & Mihaela Grădinaru

  2. Department of Mineralogy, Faculty of Geology and Geophysics, University of Bucharest, 1 N. Bălcescu Bd, 010041, Bucharest, Romania

    Lucian Petrescu

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Correspondence to Iuliana Lazăr.

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Lazăr, I., Grădinaru, M. & Petrescu, L. Ferruginous microstromatolites related to Middle Jurassic condensed sequences and hardgrounds (Bucegi Mountains, Southern Carpathians, Romania). Facies 59, 359–390 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10347-012-0313-5

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