Abstract
The regions of Central and South America most susceptible to the occurrence of landslides will become even more vulnerable in the context of climate change. The Josefina disaster, in 1993, demonstrated both the vulnerability of local infrastructures and communities in the Paute River basin (Ecuador). Since this natural phenomena, several landslide inventories and susceptibility studies were developed, revealing the vulnerability of the Paute River basin to unstable terrain and the need for further studies throughout the basin. Despite this, no studies have been done since then to update the information generated. This paper describes a Mobile Application for Regional Landslide Inventories (MARLI), a simple but efficient open-access platform to report landslide events using the Open Data Kit system. Its design makes reporting fast, simple and cost-effective with an added benefit, and a specialized knowledge is not required for its use. MARLI was tested for the collection of landslides in Cuenca (Ecuador). From the data taken in the field, it was possible to analyze the performance and suitability of collected data and compare the results with regional inventories in the same area. Additionally, these results can be used for the elaboration and update of large-scale inventories or the training of automatic identification systems of landslides and later evaluation of their precision in a small-medium scale. Likewise, this product constitutes a fundamental input for the formulation of mitigation strategies, to formulate the appropriate response and in time, also the elaboration of reconstruction plans before the increase in the occurrence of such phenomena.
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Notes
Lithology legend Fig. 4: 1. Sandy clays, often reddish and with presence of gypsum, and thick tuffaceous sandstones; 2. Clear laminated shales, with gypsum; locally, sandstones and basal conglomerates with levels of clays and siltstones; 3. Silts, clays, sands, gravels and blocks; 4. Heterogeneous mixture of fine materials and rocky angular fragments of very different sizes; 5. Tobaceous sandstones of medium to thick grain, levels of conglomerates and weak layers of clays, silts and shales; 6. Heterogeneous mixture of fine materials and rocky angular fragments, with absence of stratification and internal ordering structures; 7. Limonites, shales and fine-grained conglomerates; 8. Limonites, shales and fine-grained interstratified sandstones, shales with coal seams, coarse-grained and conglomerate sandstones; 9. Coarse and brecciated andesitic conglomerates, with intercalations of sandstones and tuffaceous siltstones, scarcely lithified and consolidated; 10. Silt and clay (predominant in the distal zone) and sand, gravel and blocks (predominant in the apical zone), in variable proportions and with marked changes of lateral and vertical facies; 12. Volcanic agglomerate with white glass matrix (Llacao) and well stratified volcanic-sedimentary sequence with predominance of tuff (Gualaceo); 13. Sands, silts, clays and conglomerates; 14. Silts, clays, sands, gravels and blocks in variable proportions; 15. Tuffs and agglomerates (dacite, rhyolithic and andesitic) kaolinized, with low percentage of lava; 16. Dark gray massive siltstones and quartz-feldspathic sandstones; limestone, gravel and tuffaceous sandstones; 18. Green andesitic tuffs very meteorized and andesitic to andesite-basaltic lavas; 22. Metavolcanites with weak metamorphism, massive lavas and green phyllites, green schist, quartzite and marbles.
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Funding
This study was supported by the Land Laboratory Research Group (G.I.-1934-TB) (Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain) and the University of Azuay (Cuenca, Ecuador) (Project No: 2016-53).
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CS and SB conceived the presented the idea. CS and SB developed the theory and designed the forms for MARLI. CS developed the application. CS and SB performed all computations. CS, SB, DM verified de analytics and resulting data. All authors discussed the results and contributed to the final manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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The online version contains supplementary material available, concretely: (i) description of citizen and technical forms; (ii) disadvantages and advantages of the mobile tools; (iii) web map of landslides recorded with MARLI.
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Sellers, C.A., Buján, S. & Miranda, D. MARLI: a mobile application for regional landslide inventories in Ecuador. Landslides 18, 3963–3977 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-021-01764-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-021-01764-9