Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Grain Quality, Biochemical Traits, and Internal Water Status of Chinese Elite Wheat Lines by Sowing Interval in Semiarid Conditions

  • Original Article / Originalbeitrag
  • Published:
Gesunde Pflanzen Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Climate change adversely affects the pattern of temperature and distribution of rainfall, due to which sowing of wheat is delayed from mid-October to early December. This consequently lowers the quality of wheat crop. A study was carried out on grain quality, biochemical traits, and internal water status of elite Chinese wheat lines according to sowing interval under semiarid conditions during the winter season 2020–2021. The experimental design was randomized complete block with a split-plot arrangement and three replications. Treatments consisted of sowing date (1 November, 16 November, and 1 December 2020) and wheat lines (MY409‑4, MY1617, MY1416, MY291‑4, MY1501, MY1419, and MY902) with one local wheat check (PS-15). Sowing dates were assigned to the main plot and wheat lines to the subplot. Results indicated that wheat lines MY291‑4, MY409‑4, and MY902 resulted in higher chlorophyll content (54.7 SPAD value), carotenoids (11.7 mg g−1), grain protein content (12.8%), and amylose content (25.5%), with statistically similar values between the lines. Similarly, lines MY291‑4 and MY902 resulted in higher relative water content (78.6%) and wet gluten content (29.1%), statistically on par with each other, while the proline (43 mg g−1) and amylopectin contents (79.0%) were higher in local check PS-15. Moreover, water saturation deficit (30.3%) and dry gluten content (11.5%) were higher in line MY409‑4. Regarding sowing dates, sowing on 1 November resulted in maximum chlorophyll content (53.0 SPAD value), carotenoids (10.8 mg g−1), relative water content (76.2%), amylose content (24.3), wet gluten content (27.7%), and dry gluten content (11.4%) as compared to late sowing on 1 December, while water saturation deficit (27.9%), proline content (39.8 mg g−1), grain protein content (12.6%), and amylopectin content (77.9%) were higher with late sowing on 1 December. Conclusively, wheat lines MY291‑4, MY409‑4, and MY902 produced higher chlorophyll content, carotenoids, relative water content, water saturation deficit, grain protein content, amylose content, and wet and dry gluten content, while proline and amylopectin contents were higher in local cultivar PS-15. Likewise, plots sown earlier on 1 November resulted in increased in chlorophyll content by 7%, carotenoids by 17%, relative water content by 9%, amylose content by 10%, wet gluten content by 9%, and dry gluten content by 16% as compared to late sowing on 1 December, while water saturation deficit, proline content, grain protein content, and amylopectin content were 18%, 7%, 14%, and 8% higher than with early sowing on 1 November, respectively.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adom KK, Sorrells ME, Liu RH (2003) Phytochemical profiles and antioxidant activity of wheat varieties. J Agric Food Chem 51:7825–7834

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Afzal S, Shehzad A, Randhawa MA, Asghar A, Shoaib M, Jahangir MA (2013) Health benefits and importance of utilizing wheat and rye. Pak J Food Sci 23:212–222

    Google Scholar 

  • Ali MA, Ali M, Din QM (2014) Determination of grain yield of different wheat varieties as influenced by planting dates in agroecological conditions of Vehari. Pak J Life Soc Sci 2:5–8

    Google Scholar 

  • Anjum MM, Arif M (2021) Deficit irrigation as sustainable practice with varying sowing windows for enhancing water use efficiency, grain quality and biochemical characteristics of chinese wheat hybrid lines in comparison to local check under semi-arid climatic condition. Fresenius Environ Bull 30(7):8260

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anjum MM, Arif M (2022) Perspectives of wheat hybrid yield and quality under limited irrigation supply and sowing windows. Gesunde Pflanz 74:761–770

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anjum MM, Arif M, Riaz M, Akhtar K, Zhang SQ, Zhao CP (2021a) Performance of hybrid wheat cultivars facing deficit irrigation under semi-arid climate in Pakistan. Agron 11:1–21

    Google Scholar 

  • Anjum MM, Arif M, Ali N, Khan B, Khan GR (2022b) Chinese wheat hybrids 18A‑1 and18A‑2 surpass local check (Ghaneemat-2016) under deficit irrigation when sown early in semiarid climatic conditions. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg https://doi.org/10.1007/s10343-022-00705-3

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Atkinson M, Kettlewell PS, Poulton PR, Hollings PD (2008) Grain quality in the broadbalk wheat experiment and the winter north atlantic oscillation. J Agric Sci 146:541–549

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Awan KA, Ali J, Akmal M (2017) Yield comparison potential wheat varieties by delay sowing as rainfed crop for Peshawar climate. Sarhad J Agric 33:480–488

    Google Scholar 

  • Ayaz K (2016) Performance of different bread wheat varieties for yield and yield attributes under diallel combinations. Ann Agrar Sci 14:25–34

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baloch AW, Baloch M, Baloch MJ, Kandhro RA, Kandhro MN, Gandahi N, Baloch GM, Baloch IA, Ali M, Baloch AM (2016) Evaluation of exotic bread wheat genotypes for yield and its associated traits. Int J Biol Biotech 13:107–110

    Google Scholar 

  • Baloch MS, Nadim MA, Zubair MU, Awan IU, Khan EA, Ali SA (2012) Evaluation of wheat under normal and late sowing conditions. PAK J BOT 44:1727–1732

    Google Scholar 

  • Blazek J, Copeland L (2008) Pasting and swelling properties of wheat flour and starch in relation to amylose content. Carbohydr Polym 71:380–387

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng FM, Zhong LJ, Zhao NC, Liu Y, Zhang GP (2005) Temperature induced changes in the starch components and biosynthetic enzymes of two rice varieties. Plant Growth Regul 46:87–95

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen JL, Furtado JC, Barlow MA, Alexeev VA, Cherry JE (2012) Arctic warming, increasing snow cover and widespread borealwinter cooling. Env Res Lett 7:7–14

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coventry DR, Gupta RK, Poswal RS, Chhokar RS, Sharma RK, Yadav VK, Gill SC, Mehta A, Kleemann SGL, Bonamano A, Cummins JA (2011) Wheat quality and productivity as affected by varieties and sowing time in Haryana, India. Field Crop Res 123:214–225

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dang JMC, Copeland L (2004) Genotype and environmental influence on pasting properties of rice flour. Cereal Chem 8:486–489

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Vita P, Nicosia OL, Nigro F, Platani C, Riefolo C, Di Fonzo N, Cattivelli L (2007) Breeding progress in morpho-physiological, agronomical and qualitative traits of durum wheat cultivars released in Italy during the 20th century. European J Agron 26:39–53

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dhyani K, Ansari MW, Rao YR, Verma RS, Shukla A, Tuteja N (2013) Comparative physiological response of wheat genotypes under terminal heat stress. Plant Signal Behav 8(6):1–6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Drezner G, Dvojkovic K, Horvat D, Novoselovic D, Lalic A (2007) Environmental impacts on wheat agronomics quality traits. Cer Res Commun 35:357–360

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • El-Sarag EI, Ismaeil RIM (2015) Evaluation of some bread wheat cultivars productivity as affected by sowing dates and water stress in semi-arid region. Asian J Crop Sci 5:167–178

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Farooq O, Ali M, Naeem M, Sattar A, Sher MAI, Yasir TA, Iqbal MM (2015) Impact of sowing time and planting method on the quality traits of wheat. J Glob Innov Agric Soc Sci 3:8–11

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fatima Z, Abbas Q, Khan A, Hussain S, Ali MA, Abbas G, Younis H, Naz S, Ismail M, Shahzad MI, Nadeem M (2018) Resource use efficiencies of C3 and C4 cereals under split nitrogen regimes. Agronomy 8(5):69

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gajewska E, Skłodowska M, Słaba M, Mazur J (2006) Effect of nickel on antioxidative enzyme activities, proline and chlorophyll contents in wheat shoots. Biol Plant 50(4):653–659

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gibson TS, Solah VA, McCleary BV (1997) A procedure to measure amylose in cereal starches and flours with concanavalin. J Cereal Sci 25(2):111–119

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gul H, Saeed B, Khan AZ, Haleema B, Parveen L, Badshah NL (2012) Morphological and some yield attributes in cultivars of wheat in response of varying planting dates and nitrogen application. ARPN J Agric Biol Sci 7:100–109

    Google Scholar 

  • Guttieri MJ, Stark JC, Obrien K, Souza E (2001) Relative sensitivity of spring wheat grain yield and quality parameters to moisture deficit. University of Idaho Agric. Exp Stn Paper no 99740. Crop Sci 41:327–335

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hammad SAR (2008) Physiological and anatomical studies on drought tolerance of pea plants by application of some natural extracts. Ann Agric Sci 53(2):285–305

    Google Scholar 

  • Hatfield JL, Boote KJ, Kimball BA, Ziska LH (2011) Climate impacts on agriculture: Implications for crop production. Agron J 103:351–370

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hentschel V, Kranl K, Hollmann J, Lindhauerand MG, Bohm VMR (2002) Bitsch. Spectrophotometric determination of yellow pigment content and evaluation of carotenoids by high-performance liquid chromatography in durum wheat. J Agric Food Chem 50:6663–6668

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hunt ER Jr, Rock BN, Nobel PS (1987) Measurement of leaf relative water content by infrared reflectance. Remote Sens Environ 22(3):429–435

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hurkman WJ, Vensel WH, Tanaka CK, Whitehand L, Altenbach SB (2009) Effect of high temperature on albumin and globulin accumulation in the endosperm proteome of the developing wheat grain. J Cereal Sci 49:12–23

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hussain K, Rahman M, Prakash A, Hoque RR (2015) Street dust bound PAHs, carbon and heavy metals in Guwahati city—seasonality, toxicity and sources. Sustain Cities Soc 19:17–25

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Iqbal S (2009) Physiology of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Accessions and the Role of Phytohormones under Water Stress. Ph.D. Thesis Fac of Biological Sci Quaid-e-azam Univ Islamabad, pp 83–154

  • Irakli MN, Samanidou VF, Papadoyannis IN (2011) Development and validation of an HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of tocopherols, tocotrienols and carotenoids in cereals after solid-phase extraction. J Separation Sci 34:1375–1382

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jamali LA, Soomro SA, Abro AA, Khan ZA, Walhari NH (2016) Effect of grain moisture content on physicoengineering properties of wheat. J Agric Res 54:773–785

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones Jr JB, Case VW (1990) Sampling, handling, and analyzing plant tissue samples. Soil Test Plant Anal 3:389–427

    Google Scholar 

  • Khan AA, Alam MA, Alam MK, Alam MJ, Sarker ZI (2013) Genotypic and phenotypic correlation and path analysis in durum wheat. Bangladesh J Agric Res 38:219–225

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khan B, Arif M, Munsif F, Anjum MM, Wójcik-Gront E, Khan A, Ahmad I, Ren Y, Zhao C, Liao X, Zhang S (2022) Optimizing sowing window for local and Chinese elite lines under changing climate. Agron 12:2232. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy1209223

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar P, Yadava R, Gollen B, Kumar S, Verma RK, Yadav S (2011) Nutritional contents and medicinal properties of wheat: a review. Life Sci Med Res 22:1–10

    Google Scholar 

  • Labuschagne MT, Elago O, Koen E (2009) Influence of extreme temperatures during grain filling on protein fractions, and its relationship to some quality characteristics in bread, biscuit, and durum wheat. Cereal Chem 86:61–66

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laghari KA, Sial MA, Arain MA (2012) Effect of high temperature stress on grain yield and yield components of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Sci Technol Dev 31:83–90

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawlor DW, Cornic G (2002) Photosynthetic carbon assimilation and associated metabolism in relation to water deficit in higher plants. Plant Cell Environ 25:275–294

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Longin CF, Mühleisen J, Maurer HP, Zhang H, Gowda M, Reif JC (2012) Hybrid breeding in autogamous cereals. Theor Appl Genet 125(6):1087–1096

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Madan P, Jagadish SVK, Craufurd PQ, Fitzgerald M (2012) Effect of elevated CO2 and high temperature on seed-set and grain quality of rice. J Exp Bot 63:3843–3852

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Maria AM, Gendy AA, Selim AH, El Abdelaal AM (2008) Response of wheat plants grown under water stress in relation to Jasmonic acid. Minufiya J Agric Res 33(6):1355–1375

    Google Scholar 

  • Massaux C, Sindic M, Lenartz J, Sinnaeve G, Bodson B, Falisse A, Dardenne P, Deroanne C (2008) Variations in physicochemical and functional properties of starches extracted from European soft wheat (Triticum aestivum L): the importance to preserve the varietal identity. Carbohydr Polym 71:32–41

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matysik JA, Bhalu B, Mohanty P (2002) Molecular mechanisms of quenching of reactive oxygen species by proline under stress in plants. Curr Sci 82(5):525–532

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McLean JW (1982) Instabilities of finite-amplitude water waves. J Fluid Mech 114:315–330

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Minocha R, Majumdar R, Minocha SC (2014) Polyamines and abiotic stress in plants: a complex relationship. Front Plant Sci 5:175

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • MNFS&R (2018) Agriculture statistics of Pakistan. Ministry of National Food Security and Research, Islamabad

    Google Scholar 

  • Molinari HBC, Marur CJ, Daros E, De Campos MKF, De Carvalho JFRP, Filho JCB, Pereira LFP, Vieira LGE (2007) Evaluation of the stress-inducible production of proline in transgenic sugarcane (saccharum spp): Osmotic adjustment, chlorophyll fluorescence and oxidative stress. Physiol Plantarum 130(2):218–229

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Motzo R, Fois S, Giunta F (2007) Protein content and gluten quality of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum) as affected by sowing date. J Sci Food Agric 87:1480–1488

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mujtaba SM, Ali M, Ashraf MY, Khanzada B, Farhan SM, Shirazi MU, Khan MA, Shereen A, Mumtaz S (2007) Physiological responses of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes under water stress conditions at seedling stage. Pak J Bot 39(7):2575–2579

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson DW, Sommers LE (1996) Total carbon, organic carbon, and organic matter. Methods of soil analysis: Part 3. Chem Meth 5:961–1010

    Google Scholar 

  • Ortiz R, Trethowan R, Ferrara GO, Iwanaga M, Dodds JH, Crouch JH, Crossa J, Braun HJ (2007) High yield potential, shuttle breeding, genetic diversity, and a new international wheat improvement strategy. Euphytica 157:365–384

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Otteson BN, Mergoum M, Ransom JK (2008) Seeding rate and nitrogen management on milling and baking quality of hard red spring wheat genotypes. Crop Sci 48:749–755

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ouhaddach M, El-Yacoubi H, Douaik A, Rochdi A (2018) Morpho-physiological and biochemical responses to salt stress in wheat (Triticum aestivum L) at the heading stage. J Mater Env Sci 9(6):1899–1907

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Panfili G, Fratianni A, Irano M (2004) Improved normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography procedure for the determination of carotenoids in cereals. J Agric Food Chem 52:6373–6377

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Qasim M, Qamer M, Alam M, Alam M (2008) Sowing dates effect on yield and yield components of different wheat varieties. J Agric Res 46:135–140

    Google Scholar 

  • Ragaee S, Abdel-Aal ESM (2006) Pasting properties of starch and protein in selected cereals and quality of their food products. Food Chem 95:9–18

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ribeiro RV, Machado EC, Santos MG, Oliveira RF (2009) Seasonal and diurnal changes in photosynthetic limitation of young sweet orange trees. Environ Exp Bot 66(2):203–211

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salo-Vaananen PP, Koivistoinen PE (1996) Determination of protein in foods: comparison of net protein and crude protein (N× 6.25) values. Food Chem 57(1):27–31

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shah MA, Farooq M, Shahzad M, Khan MB, Hussain M (2017) Yield and phenological response of BT cotton to different sowing dates in semi-arid climate. Pak J Agric Sci 54:233–239

    Google Scholar 

  • Silva RR, Benin G, Almeida JLD, Fonseca ICDB, Zucareli C (2014) Grain yield and baking quality of wheat under different sowing dates. Acta Sci Agron 36(2):201–210

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singh SK, Chatrath R, Mishra B (2010) Perspective of hybrid wheat research: a review. Indian J Agric Sci 80:1013–1027

    Google Scholar 

  • Steel RGD, Torrie H, Dickey DA (1997) Principles and procedures of statistics—a biometrical approach, 3rd edn. McGraw-Hill, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Stuthman DD, Leonard KJ, Miller-Garvin J (2007) Breeding crops for durable resistance to disease. Adv Agron 95:319–367

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tahir M, Ali A, Nadeem MA, Hussain A, Khalid F (2009) Effect of different sowing dates on growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L) varieties in district Jhang, Pakistan. Pak J Life Soc Sci 7:66–69

    Google Scholar 

  • Tester M, Langridge P (2010) Breeding technologies to increase crop production in a changing world. Science 327(5967):818–822

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas JA, Jaffrey AC, Atsuko K, David MK (2005) Regulating the proton budget of higher plant photosynthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:9709–9713

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Toscano P, Gioli B, Genesio L, Vaccari FP, Miglietta F, Zaldei A (2014) Durum wheat quality prediction in mediterranean environments: from local to regional scale. Eur J Agron 61:1–9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tunio A, Magsi H, Solangi MA (2016) Analyses of growth trends and production forecast of cash crops in Pakistan. Int J Agron Agric Res 9:158–164

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner NC (1981) Techniques and experimental approaches for the measurement of plant water status. Plant Soil 58(1):339–366

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Verslues PE, Sharma S (2010) Proline metabolism and its implications for plant-environment interaction. Arabidopsis Book 8:3. https://doi.org/10.1199/tab.0140

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wall JS (1979) The role of wheat proteins in determining baking quality. In: Recent advances in the biochemistry of cereals. Academy. (ed.D.L.L.a.W.J.R.G.), London, New York, pp 275–311

    Google Scholar 

  • Waraich EA, Ahmad R (2010) Physiological responses to water stress and nitrogen management in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.); Evaluation of gas exchange, water relations and water use efficiency. Fourteenth International Water Technology Conference (IWTC 14), Cairo, pp 46–51

    Google Scholar 

  • Wieser H (2007) Chemistry of gluten proteins. Food Microbiol 24:115–119

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Williams D, Raza A (2015) Pakistan grain and feed annual report. Global Agricultural Information Network. GAIN Report Number: PK 1517

    Google Scholar 

  • Yamakawa H, Hirose T, Kuroda M, Yamaguchi T (2007) Comprehensive expression profile of rice grain filling related genes undr high temperature using DNA mirorrary. Plant Physiol 144:258

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang BC, Li FM, Huang GB, Cheng ZY, Zhang YH (2006) Yield performance of spring wheat improved by regulated deficit irrigation in an arid area. Agric Water Manag 79:28–42

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao Y, Zeng J, Fernando R, Reif JC (2013) Genomic prediction of hybrid wheat performance. Crop Sci 53(3):802–810

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhong LJ, Cheng FM, Wen X, Sun ZX, Zhang GP (2005) The deterioration of eating and cooking quality caused by high temperature during grain filling in early-season indica rice cultivars. J Agron Crop Sci 191:218–225

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zulfiqar F, Ashfaq M (2014) Estimation of wheat yield response under different agro-climatic conditions in Punjab. Sarhad J Agric 30:459–465

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Agricultural Extension Education & Communication, The University of Agriculture, 25130, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

    Bismillah Khan

  2. Department of Agronomy, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan

    Bismillah Khan, Muhammad Mehran Anjum, Nawab Ali, Maaz Ullah & Gul Roz Khan

  3. Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Labs Complex Peshawar, Jamrud Road, Peshawar, Pakistan

    Muhammad Mehran Anjum & Gul Roz Khan

Authors
  1. Bismillah Khan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Muhammad Mehran Anjum
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Nawab Ali
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Maaz Ullah
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Gul Roz Khan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Bismillah Khan.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

B. Khan, M.M. Anjum, N. Ali, M. Ullah, and G.R. Khan declare that they have no competing interests.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Khan, B., Anjum, M.M., Ali, N. et al. Grain Quality, Biochemical Traits, and Internal Water Status of Chinese Elite Wheat Lines by Sowing Interval in Semiarid Conditions. Gesunde Pflanzen 75, 1653–1664 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10343-022-00806-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10343-022-00806-z

Keywords

Search

Navigation