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Bioefficacy of Trichoderma Species Against Javanese Root-Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne javanica, in Green Gram

Bioeffektivität von Trichoderma-Arten gegen den Wurzelgallennematoden Meloidogyne javanica bei Mungbohnen

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Abstract

Root-knot nematodes are mainly controlled by using synthetic nematicides, but their excessive use is prohibited due to associated health hazards which demand for suitable alternatives. The overreliance on nematicides can be curtailed by using biological control agents possessing nematicidal or nematostatic properties. Therefore, in the present study, effectiveness of seven indigenous species of Trichoderma were tested for their ability to suppress the population of Javanese root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne javanica, and improve growth variables of green gram. All the Trichoderma species resulted in an increase in shoot and root lengths and shoot weight while a decrease was observed in root weight. Maximum increase in shoot length (45.5%) was found in case of T. harzianum followed by T. hamatum and T. viride whereas the increase was the minimum where T. pseudokoningii and T. koningii were applied. Similarly, maximum increase in shoot weight was recorded with T. viride (56.1%) followed by T. harzianum (55%) and the minimum with T. pseudokoningii. As regards root length, it was the maximum in treatments with T. hamatum (46.2%) and T. harzianum (45.1%) and minimum with those where T. koningii and T. pseudokoningii were applied. Contrarily, maximum reduction in root weight was observed in treatments where T. harzianum (37.8%) and T. viride (35.8%) were applied while T. koningii and T. pseudokoningii resulted in minimum decrease. All the Trichoderma species significantly caused reductions in the number of galls and eggs and reproductive factor of the nematode over control. Maximum reduction in numbers of galls and eggs were observed with T. viride (49 and 53%) followed by T. harzianum (46 and 53%) while the minimum reduction was recorded with T. pseudokoningii followed by T. atroviride. Likewise, T. viride caused the maximum reduction in reproductive factor of M. javanica (81%) followed by T. harzianum (78%) and T. asperellum (75%). On the other hand, the minimum reductions in reproductive factor were observed with T. pseudokoningii and T. koningii.

Zusammenfassung

Wurzelgallennematoden werden hauptsächlich mit synthetischen Nematiziden bekämpft, deren übermäßiger Einsatz jedoch aufgrund der damit verbundenen Gesundheitsgefahren verboten ist und nach geeigneten Alternativen verlangt. Der übermäßige Einsatz von Nematiziden kann durch die Verwendung von biologischen Bekämpfungsmitteln, die nematizide oder nematostatische Eigenschaften besitzen, eingedämmt werden. Daher wurde in der vorliegenden Studie die Wirksamkeit von sieben einheimischen Trichoderma-Arten auf ihre Fähigkeit getestet, die Population des Wurzelgallennematoden Meloidogyne javanica zu unterdrücken und die Wachstumsvariablen von Mungbohnen zu verbessern. Alle Trichoderma-Arten führten zu einer Zunahme der Spross- und Wurzellänge sowie des Sprossgewichts, während beim Wurzelgewicht eine Abnahme beobachtet wurde. Die maximale Zunahme der Sprosslänge (45,5 %) wurde bei T. harzianum festgestellt, gefolgt von T. hamatum und T. viride, während die Zunahme bei der Anwendung von T. pseudokoningii und T. koningii am geringsten war. In ähnlicher Weise wurde die maximale Zunahme des Sprossgewichts mit T. viride (56,1 %) verzeichnet, gefolgt von T. harzianum (55 %) und dem Minimum mit T. pseudokoningii. Die Wurzellänge war bei den Behandlungen mit T. hamatum (46,2 %) und T. harzianum (45,1 %) am höchsten und bei T. koningii und T. pseudokoningii am geringsten. Im Gegensatz dazu wurde die maximale Reduktion des Wurzelgewichts bei Behandlungen mit T. harzianum (37,8 %) und T. viride (35,8 %) beobachtet, während T. koningii und T. pseudokoningii zu einer minimalen Abnahme führten. Alle Trichoderma-Arten bewirkten eine signifikante Verringerung der Anzahl an Gallen und Eiern sowie des Reproduktionsfaktors des Nematoden gegenüber der Kontrolle. Die maximale Reduktion der Anzahl der Gallen und Eier wurde mit T. viride (49 und 53 %) beobachtet, gefolgt von T. harzianum (46 und 53 %), während die minimale Reduktion mit T. pseudokoningii, gefolgt von T. atroviride, festgestellt wurde. Ebenso verursachte T. viride die maximale Reduzierung des Reproduktionsfaktors von M. javanica (81 %), gefolgt von T. harzianum (78 %) und T. asperellum (75 %). Auf der anderen Seite wurden die geringsten Reduzierungen des Reproduktionsfaktors bei T. pseudokoningii und T. koningii beobachtet.

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  1. Department of Plant Pathology, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan

    Tariq Mukhtar

  2. Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Poonch Rawalakot, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan

    Muhammad Tariq-Khan

  3. University College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan

    Muhammad Naveed Aslam

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T. Mukhtar, M. Tariq-Khan and M.N. Aslam declare that they have no competing interests.

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Mukhtar, T., Tariq-Khan, M. & Aslam, M.N. Bioefficacy of Trichoderma Species Against Javanese Root-Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne javanica, in Green Gram. Gesunde Pflanzen 73, 265–272 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10343-021-00544-8

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