Abstract
Seeds of papaya fruit (Carica papaya) are usually unused for the industry, but they have been previously reported to be anthelmintic. However, the effects and mechanisms involved in papaya seeds against root-knot nematodes (RKN) are poorly studied in soil incorporation. Here, we investigated soil biofumigation with papaya seeds against the RKN Meloidogyne incognita and the effect of their volatile organic compounds (VOCs) separately from non-VOCs. Soil biofumigation reduced the number of galls and eggs of RKN about 100% in tomato roots, by using seeds macerates at 4.0 g 100 mL−1, which is a feasible amount for field applications. The VOCs emitted by the seeds killed 80% of M. incognita second-stage juveniles after a few hours of exposure. Furthermore, the whole volatilome of the papaya seed was identified by gas chromatography. Some of the compounds have already been studied against RKN. Therefore, we examined the efficacy of all nonstudied compounds against M. incognita. The most promising compounds were vinyl acetate, phenylacetaldehyde and benzylacetonitrile with lethal concentrations (LC50) of 61.5, 101.3 and 14.4 μg mL−1, respectively. When vinyl acetate and phenylacetaldehyde were applied to the soil at the recommended commercial nematicide dose (396 μg mL−1), the effect on M. incognita was better than the commercial nematicide (Carbofuran), reducing 70% of the number of galls and eggs. However, benzylacetonitrile reduced galls and eggs only by 25%. These results provide evidence for biofumigation with papaya seeds as a sustainable approach to control RKN and the potential use of their VOCs as nematicidal compounds.
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The authors gratefully acknowledge financial support and fellowships from: Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG), Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq).
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Supplemental Fig.
1. Technique setups used to evaluate papaya seed VOCs and non-VOCs. a, Biofumigation in plastic cup described by Estupiñan-López et al. (2017). Artificial substrate and papaya seeds macerate were mixed in polythene bags resulting in mixtures with different macerate concentrations. Together, eggs of M. incognita were added to each plastic bag. The bags were closed and the contents stirred. Then, substrate + eggs + seed macerate were placed into a 100 mL plastic cup. Microtubes were introduced over the mixture. Then, the cups were sealed with plastic film. After 3 days the eggs were injected inside the microtube and 3 days later the plastic film was removed, the eggs in the microtube were also removed and a tomato seedling transplanted to the cup. b, Supelco vial techniques described by Barros et al. (2014). Papaya seeds macerate was placed into the Supelco vial over steril dry sand. In all vials, a microtube was halfway inserted in the sand. Subsequently, the Supelco vials were closed and left for 3 days to perform VOCs accumulation. Next, a suspension containing J2 of M. incognita was injected into the microtube with a syringe. The J2 were exposed to the VOCs for six different periods. After, the vials were opened and part of J2 was removed to estimate mortality. The remaining suspension of each period was inoculated in a tomato seedling to later estimation of galls and eggs. (JPEG 6998 kb)
Supplemental Fig.
2. The structural formula of the vinyl acetate, phenylacetaldehyde and benzylacetonitrile molecules. (JPEG 282 kb)
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Gomes, V.A., Campos, V.P., da Silva, J.C.P. et al. Activity of papaya seeds (Carica papaya) against Meloidogyne incognita as a soil biofumigant. J Pest Sci 93, 783–792 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10340-020-01192-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10340-020-01192-z