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Relative enhanced diffusivity: noise sensitivity, protocol optimization, and the relation to intravoxel incoherent motion

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Abstract

Objective

To explore the relationship between relative enhanced diffusivity (RED) and intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM), as well as the impact of noise and the choice of intermediate diffusion weighting (b value) on the RED parameter.

Materials and methods

A mathematical derivation was performed to cast RED in terms of the IVIM parameters. Noise analysis and b value optimization was conducted by using Monte Carlo calculations to generate diffusion-weighted imaging data appropriate to breast and liver tissue at three different signal-to-noise ratios.

Results

RED was shown to be approximately linearly proportional to the IVIM parameter f, inversely proportional to D and to follow an inverse exponential decay with respect to D*. The choice of intermediate b value was shown to be important in minimizing the impact of noise on RED and in maximizing its discriminatory power. RED was shown to be essentially a reparameterization of the IVIM estimates for f and D obtained with three b values.

Conclusion

RED imaging in the breast and liver should be performed with intermediate b values of 100 and 50 s/mm2, respectively. Future clinical studies involving RED should also estimate the IVIM parameters f and D using three b values for comparison.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, St. Olav’s University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway

    Peter T. While & Pål Erik Goa

  2. Department of Radiation Oncology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA

    Jose R. Teruel

  3. Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA

    Jose R. Teruel

  4. Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology—NTNU, Trondheim, Norway

    Jose R. Teruel & Tone F. Bathen

  5. Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology—NTNU, Trondheim, Norway

    Igor Vidić & Pål Erik Goa

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  1. Peter T. While
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  2. Jose R. Teruel
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  3. Igor Vidić
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  4. Tone F. Bathen
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  5. Pål Erik Goa
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Contributions

Author contributions

PTW was responsible for project conception and development, theoretical derivations, numerical simulations, statistical analysis, data interpretation and manuscript preparation. JRT was responsible for parameter development, data interpretation and manuscript revision. IV was responsible for data interpretation and manuscript revision. TFB and PEG were responsible for project development, data interpretation and manuscript revision.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Peter T. While.

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The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.

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While, P.T., Teruel, J.R., Vidić, I. et al. Relative enhanced diffusivity: noise sensitivity, protocol optimization, and the relation to intravoxel incoherent motion. Magn Reson Mater Phy 31, 425–438 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10334-017-0660-x

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10334-017-0660-x

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