Abstract
Global warming is partly caused by massive emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), a greenhouse gas, in the atmosphere by industrial and other human activities. Consequently, there is a need for advanced methods to store and transform CO2 into value-added chemicals, materials, and fuels. In particular, the electrochemical reduction of CO2 into fuels and chemicals using renewable electricity appears as a long-term solution for the circular economy, yet this method is actually limited by low selectivity, activity, and stability of carbon–carbon coupling in aqueous electrolytes. Here we review the electrochemical reduction of CO2 with emphasis on principles, electrocatalysts and production of compounds with either one carbon (C1) or two or more carbons (C2+). We discuss the application of bimetallic, oxide-derived, and crystal facet compounds, and their defect engineering and structure tuning.
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Reproduced with permission from the Nature Publishing Group from Mistry et al. (2016). Scale bars, 500 nm. b Ratio of Cu + species with a function of reaction time at − 0.95 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode in Cu-on-Cu3N or Cu-on-Cu2O. Reproduced with permission from the Nature Publishing Group (Liang et al. 2018). c Faradic efficiency of C2H4 and C2H5OH with different thicknesses of Cu2O films. d SEM images of copper foil with different thicknesses of Cu2O films. Reproduced with permission from the American Chemical Society (Ren et al. 2015)
Reproduced with permission from John Wiley and Sons (Liu et al. 2017b). c Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image of nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots. Scale bars, 1 nm. d Partial current densities for various products using nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots. (c) and (d) are reproduced with permission from the Nature Publishing Group (Wu et al. 2016a)
Reproduced with permission from John Wiley and Sons (Loiudice et al. 2016). b Scheme of morphology caused pH changing. Reproduced with permission from John Wiley and Sons. c Product selectivity of mesopore copper with different pore sizes and depths. Reproduced with permission from John Wiley and Sons (Yang et al. 2017b). d Scheme of the transformation process from Cu nanoparticles to cubic-like copper. Reproduced with permission from the National Academy of Sciences (Kim et al. 2017b). e Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of nano dendritic copper before and after electrochemical CO2 reduction. Reproduced with permission from the American Chemical Society (Rahaman et al. 2017)
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The authors gratefully acknowledge Soochow University, China and Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Malaysia, for providing the necessary facilities to conduct the work.
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Farooqi, S.A., Farooqi, A.S., Sajjad, S. et al. Electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide into valuable chemicals: a review. Environ Chem Lett 21, 1515–1553 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-023-01565-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-023-01565-7