Abstract
At high levels, phosphates and nitrates from mineral fertilizers and wastewaters are contaminating natural waters, leading, for example, to eutrophication and death of many living species. This requires remediation techniques such as physical, chemical, biological methods, and nano-techniques. For instance, microbes such as Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas, Achromobacter, Spirulina platensis and Chlorella vulgaris allow denitrification and can remove 55% of phosphates. Removal can be done also using adsorbents produced from wastes and bio-sorbents. Here we compare the methods to remove phosphates and nitrates in waters.
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Abbreviations
- A/O:
-
Anaerobic–oxic
- BOD:
-
Biological oxygen demand
- BPC:
-
Bamboo powder charcoal
- CAC:
-
Commercial activated carbon
- COD:
-
Chemical oxygen demand
- CNTs:
-
Carbon nanotubes
- EASC:
-
Extended anaerobic sludge contact process
- EBPR:
-
Biological phosphate removal
- ED:
-
Electrodialysis
- EU:
-
European Union
- GAC:
-
Granular activated carbon
- NZVI:
-
Nanoscale zero valent iron
- OM:
-
Organic matter
- PAC:
-
Powdered activated carbon
- PEG:
-
Polyethylene glycol
- PHB:
-
Polyhydroxybutyrate
- PVA:
-
Polyvinyl alcohol
- UCT:
-
University of Cape Town
- USEPA:
-
United States Environmental Protection Agency
- WHO:
-
World Health Organization
- WWTPs:
-
Wastewater treatment plant
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Velusamy, K., Periyasamy, S., Kumar, P.S. et al. Advanced techniques to remove phosphates and nitrates from waters: a review. Environ Chem Lett 19, 3165–3180 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-021-01239-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-021-01239-2