Abstract
Whole stillage—a co-product of grain-based ethanol—is used as an animal feed in the form of dried distiller’s grain with solubles (DDGS). Since animals cannot synthesize carotenoids and animal feed is generally poor in carotenoids, about 30–120 ppm of total carotenoids are added to animal feed to improve animal health, enhance meat color and quality, and increase vitamin A levels in milk and meat. The main objective of this study was to produce carotenoid (astaxanthin and β-carotene)-enriched DDGS by submerged fermentation of whole stillage. Mono- and mixed cultures of red yeasts, Phaffia rhodozyma (ATCC 24202) and Sporobolomyces roseus (ATCC 28988), were used to produce astaxanthin and β-carotene. Media optimization was carried out in shake flasks using response surface methodology (RSM). Macro ingredients, namely whole stillage, corn steep liquor and glycerol, were fitted to a second-degree polynomial in RSM. Under optimized conditions, astaxanthin and β-carotene yields in mixed culture and P. rhodozyma monoculture were 5 and 278, 97, and 275 μg/g, respectively, while S. roseus produced 278 μg/g of β-carotene. Since the carotenoid yields are almost twice the quantity used in animal feed, the carotenoid-enriched DDGS has potential application as “value-added animal feed or feed blends.”
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Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to the Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University for funding this project. The authors are indebted to Dr. Yasuaki Hiromasa, BioCore facility, Department of Biochemistry, KSU, for MALDI/TOF mass spectroscopy analyses, Dr. Karthik Venkateshan, BioMaterial Lab, KSU for his assistance in lyophilization, Dr. Mark Anderson of Stat-Ease for assistance with RSM and mixture design, Dr. Laura Maurmann, NMR manager, Department of Chemistry, KSU for conducting NMR analyses, and Dr. Keerthi Mandyam for her critical review and valuable input into manuscript preparation. Abengoa Inc. (Colwich, KS, USA) provided the whole stillage. This article is assigned contribution no. 10-083-J from the Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station (Manhattan, KS 66506, USA).
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Ananda, N., Vadlani, P.V. Production and optimization of carotenoid-enriched dried distiller’s grains with solubles by Phaffia rhodozyma and Sporobolomyces roseus fermentation of whole stillage. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 37, 1183–1192 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10295-010-0765-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10295-010-0765-y