Abstract
Stream sediments affected by historic mining in Aurora, Missouri, were digested via sequential extraction to determine the amount of Zn, Pb, and Cd bound to each of five geochemical phases: exchangeable, carbonate, Fe-Mn oxides, organic matter, and residual. The metal bound to the exchangeable and carbonate phases represents an approximation of the metal that is bioavailable, and thus a source of toxicity to aquatic biota and a contamination risk to the aquifer underneath. The bioavailable fraction was found to increase with total metal content, comprising an average of 19% of the total Zn, 13% of the Pb, and 14% of the Cd. In general, Pb was preferentially bound to the residual fraction, Zn to the Fe-Mn oxides fraction, and Cd to the organic fraction. As a result of metals binding to different chemical fractions, each of these metals will mobilize differently if/as environmental conditions change and chemical weathering progresses. The most mobile of the three metals was Cd and the least mobile Pb. The concentration pattern for each metal downstream reflects their relative mobility.
Zusammenfassung
Flusssedimente, welche durch historische Bergbautätigkeiten in Bereich Aurora (Missouri) beeinflusst worden sind, wurden mit Hilfe von sequenziellen Extraktionsverfahren untersucht. Ziel war es, die Verteilung von Zn, Pb und Cd in unterschiedliche Bindungsfraktionen im Sediment zu quantifizieren. Die analysierten Metallfraktionen wurden in “austauschbar”, “karbonatisch-gebunden”, “Fe-Mn-oxidisch-gebunden”, “organisch gebunden” sowie als “Residualfraktion” klassifiziert. Die austauschbaren sowie die karbonatisch gebundenen Anteile der untersuchten Metalle repräsentieren im Wesentlichen die Fraktionen, welche als bioverfügbar gelten und somit toxisch auf aquatische Lebewesen wirken bzw. potentiell belastend für Grundwasservorkommen sein können. Mit höheren Gesamtmetallgehalten stieg der bioverfügbare Anteil um 19 % bei Zn, um 13 % bei Pb und um 14 % bei Cd an. Pb war hauptsächlich in der Residualfraktion, Zn in der Fe-Mn-Fraktion und Cd in der organischen Fraktion gebunden. Als Resultat ist abzuleiten, dass die untersuchten Metalle, je nach Bindungsart, unterschiedlich auf Umwelt- und Verwitterungseinflüsse reagieren und mobilisiert werden können. Als mobilstes Metall erwies sich Cd, am schwersten ist Pb zu mobilisieren. Die stromabwärts festgestellte Konzentrationsverteilung korreliert mit der relativen Mobilität der Metalle.
Resumen
Los sedimentos fluviales afectados por la minería histórica en Aurora, Missouri, se digirieron mediante extracción secuencial para determinar la cantidad de Zn, Pb y Cd unidos a cada una de las cinco fases geoquímicas: intercambiable, carbonatos, óxidos Fe-Mn, materia orgánica y residual. El metal unido a las fases intercambiables y carbonatos representa una aproximación a la cantidad de metal biodisponible y, por lo tanto, una fuente de toxicidad para la biota acuática y un riesgo de contaminación para el acuífero subyacente. Se encontró que la fracción biodisponible aumenta con el contenido de metal total, comprendiendo un promedio de 19% del Zn total, 13% del Pb y 14% del Cd. En general, Pb se unió preferentemente a la fracción residual, Zn a la fracción de óxidos de Fe-Mn y Cd a la fracción orgánica. Como resultado de la unión de metales a diferentes fracciones químicas, cada uno de estos metales se movilizará de forma diferente si las condiciones ambientales cambian y la lixiviación química progresa. El más móvil de los tres metales fue Cd y el menos móvil Pb. El patrón de concentración para cada metal aguas abajo refleja su movilidad relativa.
抽象
美国密苏里奥罗拉(Aurora)地区河流沉积物受早期采矿活动影响。用顺序提取法研究了河流沉积物中锌、铅和镉的五种地球化学相态(可交换、碳酸盐、铁-锰氧化物、有机物和残渣)。金属的可交换态和碳酸盐态代表生物可获取性,对水生环境构成毒性威胁,给下伏含水层带来污染风险。发现生物可获取部分随总金属含量增大而增加,总体包括锌19 %、铅13%和镉14%。通常,铅优先形成残渣态,锌进入铁-锰氧化物,镉形成有机态。由于金属结合成不同化学形态,如果(或由于)环境条件改变和化学风化,各金属会表现出不同的迁移活性。三种金属迁移活性最强的是镉,其次为铅。下游沉积物中的金属浓度反映了它们的迁移特性。
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Acknowledgements
We are grateful to the Blackman Water Treatment Plant Laboratory (City Utilities of Springfield) for running the samples for exchangeable fraction.
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Pearson, M.A., Biagioni, R.N. & Gutiérrez, M. Geochemical Fractionation of Stream Sediments Impacted by Pb-Zn Mining Wastes: Missouri, USA. Mine Water Environ 38, 378–384 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10230-018-0568-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10230-018-0568-3