Abstract
Artemisia annua L. is a medicinal plant valued for its ability to produce artemisinin, a molecule used to treat malaria. Plant nutrients, especially phosphorus (P), can potentially influence plant biomass and secondary metabolite production. Our work aimed to explore the genetic and metabolic response of A. annua to hardly soluble aluminum phosphate (AlPO4, AlP), using soluble monopotassium phosphate (KH2PO4, KP) as a control. Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) was used to analyze artemisinin. RNA sequencing, gene ontology (GO), and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses were applied to analyze the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) under poor P conditions. Results showed a significant reduction in plant growth parameters, such as plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, leaf areas, and total biomass of A. annua. Conversely, LC–MS analysis revealed a significant increase in artemisinin concentration under the AlP compared to the KP. Transcriptome analysis revealed 762 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the AlP and the KP. GH3, SAUR, CRE1, and PYL, all involved in plant hormone signal transduction, showed differential expression. Furthermore, despite the downregulation of HMGR in the artemisinin biosynthesis pathway, the majority of genes (ACAT, FPS, CYP71AV1, and ALDH1) were upregulated, resulting in increased artemisinin accumulation in the AlP. In addition, 12 transcription factors, including GATA and MYB, were upregulated in response to AlP, confirming their importance in regulating artemisinin biosynthesis. Overall, our findings could contribute to a better understanding the parallel transcriptional regulation of plant hormone transduction and artemisinin biosynthesis in A. annua L. in response to hardly soluble phosphorus fertilizer.
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Data availability
The datasets presented in this study can be found in online repositories. The names of the repository/repositories and accession number (s) can be found at GSA, accession number: CRA008375 at the following link: https://bigd.big.ac.cn/gsa/browse/CRA008375.
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Funding
This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81903752), Guangxi Major Science and Technology Project of China (GuikeAA22096021), Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi Province (2019GXNSFBA18502), Scientific Research Funding Project of Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants (GYJ202013), Research and Innovation Team Building Project of Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants (GYCH2019008), National Natural Science Foundation of China (81560623), Key Laboratory Construction Program of Guangxi Health commission (ZJC2020003), and Hainan Natural Science Foundation (No. 2019RC316).
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Conceptualization, L. W., Q. H., Z. Z., S. W., J. F., and A. H. El-S.; methodology, L. W., Q. H., A. H. El-S., and S. W.; software, L. W., Q. H., S. W., and A. H. El-S.; validation, L. P. and J. F.; formal analysis, L. W., Q. H., S. W., and A. H. El-S.; investigation, R. G. E., A. H. El-S., and Z. Z.; resources, W. L.; writing—original draft preparation, L. W., Q. H., S. W., and A. H. El-S.; writing—review and editing, L. W., Q. H., A. S. E., M. M. A. E., G. J., S. W., L. G., and A. H. El-S.; visualization, X. J., L. S., Z. Z.; project administration, L. W.; funding acquisition, L. W., S. W., Z. Z., and J. F. J. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
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Wan, L., Huang, Q., Ji, X. et al. RNA sequencing in Artemisia annua L explored the genetic and metabolic responses to hardly soluble aluminum phosphate treatment. Funct Integr Genomics 23, 141 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10142-023-01067-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10142-023-01067-3