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The role of efferocytosis in neuro-degenerative diseases

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Abstract

Efferocytosis has a critical role in maintaining tissues and organs’ homeostasis by removing apoptotic cells. It is essential for human health, and disturbances in efferocytosis may result indifferent illnesses. In case of inadequate clearance of the dead cells, the content in the cells would be released. In fact, it induces some damages to the tissue and leads to the prolonged inflammation, so unsuitable phagocytosis of the apoptotic cells is involved in occurrence as well as expansion of numerous human chronic inflammatory diseases. Studies have shown age dependence of the neuro-degenerative diseases, which are largely due to the neuro-inflammation and the loss of neurons and thus cause the brain’s functional disorders. Efferocytosis is coupled to anti-inflammatory responses that contribute to the elimination of the dying neurons in neuro-degenerative diseases, so its disruption may make a risk factor in numerous human chronic inflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, glioblastoma, and Rett syndrome. This study is a review of the efferocytosis molecular pathways and their role in neuro-degenerative diseases in order to discover a new treatment option to cure patients.

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Abbreviations

AD:

Alzheimer’s disease

PD:

Parkinson’s disease

HD:

Huntington’s disease

ALS:

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

CNS:

Central nervous system

UTP:

Uridine tri-phosphate

ATP:

Adenosine tri-phosphate

S1P:

Sphingosine-1-phosphate

LPC:

Lyso-phosphatidyl-choline

CX3CL1:

CX3C-chemokine ligand 1

PANX1:

Panexin channels

P2Y2:

Purinoreceptor-2

MFGE8:

Milk fat globule-eGF factor 8

SPHK1:

Sphingosine kinase 1

S1P-R1-5:

Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) senses by numerous G-protein-coupled receptors

ABCA1:

ATP-binding cassette transporter A1

G2A:

G2 accumulation

PtdSer:

PhosphatidylSerine

ATP11C:

ATPase phospholipid transporting 11C

XKR8:

XK-related protein 8

RAGE:

Receptor for advanced glycation endproducts

BAI1:

Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 1

TIM1:

T-cell immunoglobulin mucin receptor 1

MBL:

Mannose-binding lectin

ICAM3:

Inter-cellular adhesion molecule 3

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

NFT:

Neuro-fibrillary tangles

APP:

Amyloid precursor protein

EC:

Entorhinal cortex

SNpc:

Substantia nigra pars compacta

α-SYN:

α-Synuclein

WAVE2:

Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein-family verproline 2

HTT:

huntingtin

GDNF:

Glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor

BDNF:

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor

NGF:

Nerve growth factor

COX-2:

Cyclooxygenase-2

TREM2:

Triggering receptor expressed in myeloid cells 2

MECP2:

MECP2 (methyl CpG-binding protein 2

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran

    Forough Taheri

  2. Department of Medical Genetic, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran

    Eskandar Taghizadeh

  3. Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran

    Jamshid Gholizadeh Navashenaq

  4. Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran

    Mehdi Rezaee

  5. Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran

    Mehdi Rezaee

  6. Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 8915173143, Yazd, Iran

    Seyed Mohammad Gheibihayat

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  1. Forough Taheri
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  2. Eskandar Taghizadeh
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Correspondence to Seyed Mohammad Gheibihayat.

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Taheri, F., Taghizadeh, E., Navashenaq, J.G. et al. The role of efferocytosis in neuro-degenerative diseases. Neurol Sci 43, 1593–1603 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-021-05835-6

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