Abstract
Soil liquefaction-induced damages in buildings and foundation during earthquakes increase the seismic hazard of densely populated urban cities dwelling on young alluvial soil deposits with a rising demand for infrastructural developments. Generally, liquefaction potential is evaluated for specific sites, which lacks the information related to the spatial extent of liquefaction effects. In the present study, liquefaction hazard maps of Kolkata metropolitan city is prepared for potential future earthquakes considering the spatial variability of soil parameters. The importance and application of geostatistical interpolation tools for hazard mapping are highlighted in this paper. Deterministic procedures of Boulanger and Idriss (2004, 2014) were utilized to quantify the liquefaction potential of two types of soil deposits, silty clay and silty sand, in the study area. Probability of liquefaction (PL) was evaluated by first-order second moment (FOSM) reliability method for 2% and 10% probability of exceedance in 50 years. Python codes were developed for the calculation of factor of safety (FS) and PL values for silty sand and silty clay. Spatial distribution maps in terms of FS and PL were generated at 7 m, 15 m and 25 m depth of the study area using ordinary kriging technique in ArcGIS software. The regions of Maidan, Newtown, Rajarhat, Santoshpur, Sector V and Tangra were found to be vulnerable to liquefaction till 15 m depth. Additionally, correlations were also developed between PL and FS using non-linear regression analysis for all soils, silty clay and silty sand of the study area for both the probabilistic scenarios.
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Data Availability
The soil data is sensitive as it was collected from soil testing agencies. However, interested parties may contact the corresponding author (srijanisett.18@gmail.com) for access to the data.
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All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Srijani Sett, Kalyan Kumar Chattopadhyay and Ambarish Ghosh. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Srijani Sett and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Sett, S., Chattopadhyay, K.K. & Ghosh, A. Reliability-based seismic liquefaction hazard mapping of Kolkata Metropolitan City, India, using ordinary kriging technique. Bull Eng Geol Environ 83, 152 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-024-03630-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-024-03630-z