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Chirurgische Atemwegssicherung in der präklinischen Notfallmedizin

Surgical approaches to securing airways in prehospital emergency medicine

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Zusammenfassung

Bei sämtlichen Empfehlungen der Fachgesellschaften zum Management des schwierigen Atemwegs stellt die chirurgische Atemwegssicherung in einer „Cannot-intubate-cannot-ventilate-Situation“ die finale lebensrettende Option dar. Chirurgische Atemwegssicherung in der präklinischen Notfallmedizin ist gleichbedeutend mit einer Koniotomie. Die Inzidenz einer Koniotomie wird in notarztgestützten Rettungssystemen mit 0,1–3,3% deutlich geringer angegeben als in paramedicgestützten Rettungssystemen (10,9–14%). Sämtliche Techniken zur Koniotomie lassen sich grundsätzlich zwei Verfahrensweisen, nämlich der anatomisch-chirurgischen Präpariertechnik sowie den Punktionstechniken zuordnen. Allerdings werden die wesentlichen Anforderungen (rasche und unkomplizierte Durchführbarkeit bei geringer Komplikationsrate) von keinem der Verfahren in vollem Umfang erfüllt. Die Komplikationsrate bei der Notfallkoniotomie beträgt hierbei bis zu 40%. Die Notfallkoniotomie muss in einen klar definierten und strukturierten Algorithmus für den schwierigen Atemweg integriert und das Personal darin ausgebildet, trainiert und „In Übung“ gehalten sein. Wichtig ist in diesem Zusammenhang, dass man sich innerhalb eines Notarztsystems auf eine Verfahrensweise bzw. Technik zur Notfallkoniotomie festlegt und die notwendigen Materialien in einem speziellen Koniotomie-Set zusammengefasst bereit hält.

Abstract

In all of the numerous recommendations of various national as well as international medical societies on the management of a difficult airway, cricothyroidotomy is the life-saving procedure and the final “cannot intubate–cannot ventilate” option, whether in the prehospital, emergency department, intensive care unit or the operating room patient. The surgical approach to the airway in the prehospital setting is synonymous with emergency cricothyroidotomy. In the literature emergency cricothyroidotomy is described as an “infrequent” or “uncommon” procedure. In paramedic-based emergency medical services (EMS) systems, the incidence is significantly higher than in physician-based EMS systems (10.9–14% vs. 0.1–3.3%). A number of different techniques for performing cricothyroidotomy have been described in the literature. All these techniques can in principle be assigned to two groups: anatomical surgical techniques and puncture techniques. There is no technique which equally fulfills all requirements for emergency cricothyroidotomy in the prehospital setting (i.e. fast airway access + easy to use + low complication rate). Studies indicate complication rates for cricothyroidotomy up to approximately 40% when performed under emergency conditions. The surgical airway (cricothyroidotomy) must be part of a defined and clearly structured difficult airway algorithm. Providers have to be trained in this algorithm and especially in the technique of cricothyroidotomy. Within this context it is recommended to “do what you can do best” (e.g. surgeons should use the surgical technique and anesthesiologists should use the puncture technique).

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Helm, M., Hossfeld, B., Jost, C. et al. Chirurgische Atemwegssicherung in der präklinischen Notfallmedizin. Notfall Rettungsmed 14, 29–36 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10049-010-1357-0

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