Abstract
Accurate estimation of irrigation return flow plays an important role in the effective management of groundwater, especially in arid and semiarid irrigation regions. However, there is a lack of sufficient research to clarify hydrological process dynamics associated with irrigation return flow. In this study, first, a two-dimensional/three-dimensional model, HYDRUS-2D/3D, was adopted to analyze two different irrigation types in the Delingha Depression, which is located at the northeastern margin of the Qaidam Basin, China. Then, a 3D saturated flow model was established. This study determined the effect of agricultural water application on the dynamics of irrigation return flow. A large difference in the irrigation return-flow coefficient (IRFC) was seen during the growing season; an IRFC of 0.3 was obtained using flood irrigation, whereas ditch irrigation resulted in an IRFC of only 0.1. The lag time of recharge was approximately 150 days. It was necessary to consider the lag time for the 3D numerical model to obtain satisfactory results. Flood irrigation led to a groundwater recharge rate of 90 mm/year. These results indicate that the lag time should be considered when groundwater recharge is estimated or modeled.
Résumé
Une estimation précise de l’écoulement restitué à l’aquifère lié à l’irrigation joue un rôle important dans la gestion efficace de l’eau souterraine, en particulier dans les régions d’irrigation arides et semi arides. Pourtant, on manque d’une recherche suffisante pour élucider la dynamique du processus hydrologique associé à cet écoulement restitué à l’aquifère lié à l’irrigation. Dans la présente étude, un modèle bidimensionnel/tridimensionnel, HYDRUS 2D/3D, a été choisi dans le but d’analyser deux modalités différentes d’irrigation dans la Dépression de Delingha, située à la bordure nord-est du Bassin du Qaidam en Chine. Ensuite, un modèle d’écoulement saturé a été établi. Cette étude a déterminé l’incidence de la demande en eau de l’agriculture sur la dynamique de l’écoulement restitué à l’aquifère lié à l’irrigation. Une différence importante de la valeur du coefficient de l’écoulement restitué à l’aquifère lié à l’irrigation (CERI) a été observée au cours de la saison de croissance; un CERI de 0.3 a été obtenu pour une irrigation par inondation, tandis que l’irrigation par canaux s’est traduite par un CERI de 0.1 seulement. Le temps de retard de la recharge était environ de 150 jours. Il a été nécessaire de prendre en considération le temps de retard dans le modèle numérique 3D pour obtenir des résultats satisfaisants. L’irrigation par inondation a conduit à une recharge des eaux souterraines de 90 mm/an. Ces résultats indiquent que le temps de retard devrait être pris en compte lorsqu’on évalue ou modélise la recharge des eaux souterraines.
Resumen
La estimación correcta del caudal de retorno del riego desempeña un papel importante en la gestión eficaz de las aguas subterráneas, especialmente en las regiones áridas y semiáridas con riego. Sin embargo, no hay suficientes investigaciones para aclarar la dinámica de los procesos hidrológicos relacionados con el flujo de retorno del riego. En este estudio, en primer lugar, se adoptó un modelo bidimensional/tridimensional, HYDRUS-2D/3D, para analizar dos tipos de riego diferentes en la depresión de Delingha, que está situada en el margen nororiental de la cuenca de Qaidam (China). Luego, se estableció un modelo tridimensional de flujo saturado. Este estudio determinó el efecto de la aplicación de agua destinada a la agricultura en la dinámica del flujo de retorno de la irrigación. Se observó una gran diferencia en el coeficiente de retorno del flujo de riego (IRFC) durante la temporada de cultivo; se obtuvo un IRFC de 0.3 utilizando el riego por inundación, mientras que el riego por zanjas dio como resultado un IRFC de sólo 0.1. El tiempo de retardo de la recarga fue de aproximadamente 150 días. Fue necesario considerar el tiempo de retardo para que el modelo numérico tridimensional obtuviera resultados satisfactorios. El riego por inundación dio lugar a una tasa de recarga de las aguas subterráneas de 90 mm/año. Estos resultados indican que el tiempo de retardo debe considerarse cuando se estima o modela la recarga de las aguas subterráneas.
摘要
准确估算灌溉回归量在有效管理地下水方面起着重要作用, 尤其是在干旱和半干旱的灌区。但是, 缺乏足够的研究来阐明与灌溉回归相关的水动力学过程。在这项研究中, 首先, 我们使用二维/三维模型(HYDRUS-2D/3D)来分析位于柴达木盆地东北边缘的德令哈坳陷的两种不同灌溉类型。然后建立了3D饱和流模型。这项研究确定了农业用水对灌溉回归动态的影响。在生长期, 灌溉回归系数(IRFC)差异很大。使用洪水灌溉的IRFC为0.3, 而使用沟渠灌溉的IRFC只有0.1。补给的滞后时间约为150天。为了获得令人满意的结果, 有必要考虑三维数值模型的滞后时间。洪水灌溉产生的地下水补给率达到90 mm/year。这些结果表明, 在估算或建模地下水补给量时应考虑滞后时间。
Resumo
A estimativa precisa do fluxo de retorno da irrigação desempenha um papel importante no gerenciamento eficaz da água subterrânea, especialmente em regiões de irrigação áridas e semiáridas. No entanto, há uma falta de pesquisas suficientes para esclarecer a dinâmica do processo hidrológico associado ao fluxo de retorno da irrigação. Neste estudo, primeiramente, um modelo bidimensional/tridimensional, HYDRUS-2D/3D, foi adotado para analisar dois tipos diferentes de irrigação na Depressão de Delingha, que está localizada na margem nordeste da Bacia Qaidam, na China. Em seguida, um modelo de fluxo saturado 3D foi estabelecido. Este estudo determinou o efeito da aplicação de água na agricultura na dinâmica do fluxo de retorno da irrigação. Uma grande diferença no coeficiente de retorno-fluxo de irrigação (CRFI) foi observada durante a estação de crescimento; um CRFI de 0.3 foi obtido usando irrigação por inundação, enquanto a irrigação por valas resultou em um CRFI de apenas 0.1. O tempo de atraso para recarga foi de aproximadamente 150 dias. Foi necessário considerar o tempo de atraso do modelo numérico 3D para obter resultados satisfatórios. A irrigação por inundação levou a uma taxa de recarga das águas subterrâneas de 90 mm/ano. Esses resultados indicam que o tempo de atraso deve ser considerado quando a recarga da água subterrânea é estimada ou modelada.
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Funding
This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. U1603243, 41230314, 41902249) and the Shaanxi Science and Technology Research and Development Project (2014 K15-01-02).
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This article is part of the topical collection “Groundwater recharge and discharge in arid and semi-arid areas of China”
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Wang, W., Zhao, J. & Duan, L. Simulation of irrigation-induced groundwater recharge in an arid area of China. Hydrogeol J 29, 525–540 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-020-02270-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-020-02270-3