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Evaluation of methods for determination of hydraulic properties in an aquifer–aquitard system hydrologically connected to a river

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Abstract

Field and laboratory methods have been used to determine the hydraulic properties in a multiple-layer aquifer–aquitard system that is hydrologically connected to a river. First, hypothetical pumping tests in aquifer–aquitard systems were performed to evaluate the feasibility of MODFLOW-PEST in determining these parameters. Sensitivity analyses showed that: the horizontal hydraulic conductivity in the aquifer has the highest composite sensitivity; the vertical hydraulic conductivity has higher composite sensitivity than the horizontal hydraulic conductivity in the aquitard; and a partial penetration pumping well in an aquifer layer can improve the quality of the estimated parameters. This inverse approach was then used to analyze a pumping-recovery test conducted near the Platte River in southeastern Nebraska, USA. The hydraulic conductivities and specific yield were calculated for the aquitard and aquifer. The direct-push technique was used to generate sediment columns; permeameter tests on these columns produced the vertical hydraulic conductivities that are compatible with those obtained from the pumping-recovery test. Thus, the combination of the direct-push technique with permeameter tests provides a new method for estimation of vertical hydraulic conductivity. The hydraulic conductivity, determined from grain-size analysis, is smaller than the horizontal one but larger than the vertical one determined by the pumping-recovery test.

Résumé

Plusieurs méthodes de terrain et de laboratoire ont été utilisées afin de déterminer les propriétés hydrauliques dans un système multicouche “aquifère - couche semi perméable capacitive” connecté hydrologiquement à une rivière. En premier lieu, des pompages d’essai hypothétiques dans des systèmes “aquifère - couche semi-perméable capacitive” ont été effectués dans le but d’évaluer les potentialités de MODFLOW-PEST pour la détermination de ces paramètres. Les analyses de sensibilité composée ont montré que la perméabilité horizontale de l’aquifère présente la plus grande sensibilité composée, que la perméabilité verticale a une sensibilité composée supérieure à la perméabilité horizontale de la couche semi_perméable, et qu’un puits d’exploitation à pénétration partielle peut améliorer la qualité des paramètres estimés. Cette approche inverse a été ensuite utilisée pour analyser un pompage d’essai et la remontée consécutive, effectué à proximité de la rivière Platte au sud-est du Nebraska (Etats-Unis). Les perméabilités et débits spécifiques ont été calculés pour l’aquifère et la couche semi_perméable. L’utilisation de techniques par enfoncement (“direct-push”) a permis de générer des colonnes de sédiment; les mesures au perméamètre ont donné des perméabilités verticales concordantes avec celles issues du pompage d’essai. Combiner les techniques par enfoncement avec les mesures au perméamètre fournit ainsi une méthode nouvelle pour estimer les perméabilités verticales. La perméabilité déterminée à partir des analyses granulométriques est inférieure à la perméabilité horizontale, mais supérieure à la perméabilité verticale calculée à partir du pompage d’essai.

Resumen

Se han utilizado métodos de campo y laboratorio para determinar las propiedades hidráulicas en un sistema de acuífero-acuitardo de capas múltiples el cual está hidrológicamente conectado con un río. Primero se realizaron pruebas de bombeo hipotéticas en los sistemas de acuífero-acuitardo para evaluar la factibilidad de usar MODFLOW-PEST para determinar estos parámetros. Los análisis de sensibilidad mostraron los siguientes resultados: la conductividad hidráulica horizontal en el acuífero tiene la sensibilidad compuesta más alta; la conductividad hidráulica vertical tiene sensibilidad compuesta más alta que la conductividad hidráulica horizontal en el acuitardo; y que un pozo de bombeo con penetración parcial en una capa del acuífero puede mejorar la calidad de los parámetros estimados. Se utilizó luego el enfoque inverso para analizar una prueba de bombeo-recuperación realizada cerca del Río Platte al suroriente de Nebraska, Estados Unidos. Se calcularon las conductividades hidráulicas y el rendimiento específico para el acuífero y el acuitardo. Se utilizó la técnica de empuje directo para generar columnas de sedimento; las pruebas de permeámetro en esas columnas produjeron conductividades hidráulicas verticales que son compatibles con las obtenidas en las pruebas de bombeo-recuperación. De este modo, la combinación de la técnica de empuje directo con pruebas de permeámetro aporta un nuevo método para estimar la conductividad hidráulica vertical. La conductividad hidráulica establecida en base a tamaño del grano es más pequeña que la horizontal pero mayor que la vertical determinada mediante la prueba de bombeo-recuperación.

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Acknowledgements

The project was funded by the Upper Big Blue and Central Platte Natural Resources districts, Nebraska. Mark Burbach, Matt Maxsen, and Will Myers provided assistance for construction of observation wells, sediment sampling and coring, and logging of electrical conductivity of the aquifer and aquitard system. Charlie Flowerday provided editorial review.

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Correspondence to Xunhong Chen.

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Cheng, C., Chen, X. Evaluation of methods for determination of hydraulic properties in an aquifer–aquitard system hydrologically connected to a river. Hydrogeol J 15, 669–678 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-006-0135-z

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