Abstract
The main factors that cause land subsidence are groundwater withdrawal and the load of high-rise buildings. Previous studies on land subsidence caused by high-rise buildings have focused on small areas. Few scholars have proposed land subsidence models that combine the effects of groundwater withdrawal and high-rise building load at a regional scale. This work was based on Biot’s consolidation theory and the nonlinear rheology theory. The soil parameters were varied in accordance with the Kozeny-Carman equation and Duncan-Zhang nonlinear model, and applied to a site in eastern China. A three-dimensional finite element method (FEM) program, fully coupling varying soil parameter values and fluid-solid characteristics of land subsidence, was coded using FORTRAN. The program was used to simulate and predict regional land subsidence and to study the coupling effects of groundwater withdrawal and high-rise building load. The results showed that the soil parameters varied in reasonable range and the trend of variation was consistent with the characteristics of soil deformation. The sum of the land subsidence under high-rise building load alone and groundwater withdrawal alone differed from land subsidence under the combined effects of groundwater withdrawal and high-rise building load. The coupling effect of land subsidence caused by high-rise building load and groundwater withdrawal was shown to be nonlinear.
Résumé
Les principaux facteurs causant la subsidence des terrains sont les prélèvements en eau souterraine et la charge des tours d’immeubles. Les précédentes études portant sur la subsidence causée par des tours d’immeuble ont porté sur des emprises restreintes. Peu de chercheurs ont proposé des modélisations de subsidence qui combinent les effets de prélèvements en eau souterraine et de la charge d’immeubles à échelle régionale. Le présent travail a été basé sur la théorie de Biot et sur la théorie de rhéologie non-linéaire. Les propriétés des sols ont été modifiées selon l’équation de Kozeny-Carman et le modèle non-linéaire de Duncan-Zhang, et appliquées à un site de Chine orientale. Un programme construit en trois dimensions par la méthode des éléments finis (MEF), et couplant intégralement les variations des propriétés des sols avec les caractéristiques fluide-solide de la subsidence, a été codé en FORTRAN. Le programme a été utilisé afin de simuler et prédire la subsidence régionale, et d’étudier les effets couplés de l’exploitation des eaux souterraines et de la charge des tours d’immeuble. Les résultats ont montré que les propriétés des sols varient dans une gamme raisonnable et que la tendance d’évolution est. cohérente avec les caractéristiques de la déformation des sols. La somme des subsidences conséquentes à la seule charge des immeubles d’une part et aux seuls prélèvements en eau souterraine d’autre part diffère de la subsidence sous les deux effets combinés des prélèvements en eau et de la charge des immeubles. Il a été démontré que l’effet couplé de la subsidence causée par la charge des immeubles et les prélèvements en eau souterraine est. non-linéaire.
Resumen
Los principales factores que causan la subsidencia del terreno son la extracción de agua subterránea y la carga de edificios de gran altura. Los estudios previos sobre subsidencia del terreno causados por edificios de gran altura se han centrado en áreas pequeñas. Pocos investigadores han propuesto modelos de subsidencia del terreno que combinen los efectos de la extracción de agua subterránea y la carga de edificios de gran altura a escala regional. Este trabajo se basó en la teoría de la consolidación de Biot y la teoría de la reología no lineal. Los parámetros del suelo se variaron de acuerdo con la ecuación de Kozeny-Carman y el modelo no lineal Duncan-Zhang, y se aplicaron a un sitio en el este de China. Un programa de método de elementos finitos (FEM) tridimensional, que combina valores de parámetros de suelo variables y características fluidas y sólidas de subsidencia del terreno, se codificó utilizando FORTRAN. El programa se usó para simular y predecir la subsidencia regional del terreno y para estudiar los efectos de acoplamiento de la extracción de agua subterránea y la carga de edificios de gran altura. Los resultados mostraron que los parámetros del suelo variaron en un rango razonable y la tendencia de variación fue consistente con las características de la deformación del suelo. La suma de la subsidencia del terreno bajo la carga de un edificio de gran altura sola y la extracción de agua subterránea sola difería de la subsidencia del terreno bajo los efectos combinados de la extracción de agua subterránea y la carga del edificio de gran altura. Se demostró que el efecto de acoplamiento de la subsidencia del terreno causado por la gran altura de la construcción y la extracción de agua subterránea no es lineal.
摘要
引发地面沉降主要因素是地下水开采和高层建筑荷载,过去对高层建筑荷载引发地面沉降的研究集中在小区域,很少有学者提出在大区域地面沉降模型上将地下水开采和高层建筑荷载耦合起来。研究基于比奥固结理论和非线性流变理论,根据Kozeny-Carman公式和Duncan-Zhang非线性模型认为土体参数是变化的,并将其应用于中国东部某场地。应用Fortran语言编写一个三维变参数流固耦合地面沉降预测有限元程序,程序用于模拟预测区域地面沉降,并研究地下水开采和高层建筑荷载引发地面沉降的耦合效应。结果表明,土力学参数变化的趋势符合土体变性特征且参数值的变化在土层代表范畴之内,高层建筑荷载单独引发的地面沉降量与地下水开采单独引发的地面沉降量之和不等于地下水开采和高层建筑荷载叠加作用下的地面沉降量。高层建筑荷载和地下水开采引发的地面沉降耦合效应表现为非线性的。
Resumo
Os principais fatores que causam a subsidência de terrenos são a captação de águas subterrâneas e a carga exercida por edifícios altos. Estudos anteriores sobre subsidência de terrenos causada por edifícios altos concentraram-se em pequenas áreas. Poucos estudiosos têm proposto modelos de subsidência que combinam os efeitos do bombeamento de águas subterrâneas e da carga de edifícios altos em escala regional. Este trabalho foi baseado na teoria de consolidação de Biot e na teoria de reologia não-linear. Os parâmetros de solo foram variados de acordo com a equação de Kozeny-Carman e o modelo não-linear de Duncan-Zhang, e aplicados no leste da China. Um programa tridimensional utilizando o método de elementos finitos (MEF), inteiramente acoplado às variáveis de parâmetros do solo e características fluido-sólido de subsidência terrestre, foi codificado empregando FORTRAN. O programa foi utilizado para simular e prever subsidência regional de terra e estudar os efeitos em conjunto da captação de águas subterrâneas e da carga de edifícios altos. Os resultados revelaram que os parâmetros do solo variaram numa faixa razoável e a tendência de variação foi consistente com as características de deformação do solo. A soma da subsidência sob carga de edifícios altos isolada e da captação de águas subterrâneas também isolada difere da subsidência do terreno sob efeito combinado da retirada de águas subterrâneas e da carga de edifícios altos. O efeito combinado da subsidência de terrenos causada pela carga de edifícios altos e captação de águas subterrâneas mostrou-se ser não-linear.
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Acknowledgments
The authors would also gratefully acknowledge Jiangsu Department of Land and Resources for support of this work under Nantong Urban Geological Survey Program.
Funding
The research work described herein was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41874014).
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Li, Z., Luo, Z., Wang, Q. et al. A three-dimensional fluid-solid model, coupling high-rise building load and groundwater abstraction, for prediction of regional land subsidence. Hydrogeol J 27, 1515–1526 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-018-01920-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-018-01920-x