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Contribution of CuxO distribution, shape and ratio on TiO2 nanotubes to improve methanol production from CO2 photoelectroreduction

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Abstract

Many studies are focused on the development of materials for converting carbon dioxide into multicarbon oxygenates such as methanol and ethanol, because of their higher energy density and wider applicability. In this work, TiO2 nanotubes (NT/TiO2) were modified with CuxO nanoparticles in order to investigate the contribution of different ratio of Cu2O/CuO and its distribution over NT/TiO2 for CO2 photoelectro-conversion to methanol. The photoelectrodes were built by anodization process to obtain NT/TiO2 layer, and the decoration with CuxO hybrid system was carried out by electrodeposition process, using Na2SO4 or acid lactic as electrolyte, followed by annealing at different temperatures. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis revealed the predominance of Cu+1 and Cu+2 at 150 °C and 300 °C, respectively. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy indicated that under lactic acid solution, the oxide nanoparticles exhibited small size, cubic shape, and uniform distribution on the nanotube wall. While under Na2SO4 electrolyte, large nanoparticles with two different morphologies, octahedral and cubic shapes, were deposited on the top of the nanotubes. All modified electrodes converted CO2 in methanol in different quantities, identified by gas chromatograph. However, the NT/TiO2 modified with CuO/Cu2O (80:20) nanoparticles using lactic acid as electrolyte showed better performance in the CO2 reduction to methanol (0.11 mmol L−1) in relation to the other electrodes. In all cases, a blend among the structures and nanoparticle morphologies were achieved and essential to create new site of reactions what improved the use of light irradiation, minimization of charge recombination rate and promoted high selectivity of products.

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Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge the support of Centro de Equipamentos e Serviços Multiusuários – CESM – UNIFESP/Diadema, for providing the XRD and GC-FID analysis and the support of Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory – LNNano/CNPEM for SEM (SEM-18470) and XPS (XPS-21555) facilities. The authors are grateful to the Prof. Máximo Siu Li (IFSC -USP/São Carlos) for the photoluminescence analyses and Prof. Maria Valnice Boldrin Zanoni for the DRS measurements (IQ-UNESP/Araraquara) and collaboration on photocatalytic experiments.

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Funding

This work was supported by Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo - FAPESP (Process Number 2006/61261–2 and Process Number 2014/50945-4) and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico – CNPQ (Process Number 483285/2011–0) and for financial support fellowship by Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior – CAPES (Finance Code 001).

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  1. Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Environmental Science, Chemistry and Pharmaceutical, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua São Nicolau, 210, Diadema, São Paulo, 09913-030, Brazil

    Juliana de Almeida, Murilo Santos Pacheco & Christiane de Arruda Rodrigues

  2. Unesp, National Institute for Alternative Technologies of Detection, Toxicological Evaluation and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactives (INCT-DATREM), Institute of Chemistry, P.O. Box 355, Araraquara, SP, 14800-900, Brazil

    Juliana de Almeida, Juliana Ferreira de Brito & Christiane de Arruda Rodrigues

  3. Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), R. Francisco Degni 55, Araraquara, SP, 14800-900, Brazil

    Juliana Ferreira de Brito

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  1. Juliana de Almeida
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J. Almeida contributed to conception, acquisition, and interpretation of data analysis and participated in drafting the manuscript. M.S. Pacheco made a contribution of the data acquisition. J.F. Brito did a critical revision on the article. C.A. Rodrigues participated in interpretation of data and drafting the manuscript and also revising critically the content and important intellectual contribution and gave final approval of the version to be submitted. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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de Almeida, J., Pacheco, M.S., de Brito, J.F. et al. Contribution of CuxO distribution, shape and ratio on TiO2 nanotubes to improve methanol production from CO2 photoelectroreduction. J Solid State Electrochem 24, 3013–3028 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-020-04739-3

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