Abstract
As-prepared polyaniline (PANI) nanorods have been used to synthesize an iron phosphate/polyaniline (FePO4/PANI) composition through the microemulsion technique. After sintering at 460 °C under a nitrogen protective atmosphere, the PANI carbonized, yielding the amorphous iron phosphate/carbonized polyaniline nanorods (FePO4/CPNRs) composite, which acts as the cathode material in sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). The electrochemical performance of FePO4/CPNRs composite shows an initial discharge specific capacity of 140.2 mAh g−1, with the discharge specific capacity being maintained at 134.4 mAh g−1 after the 120th cycle, up to 87.9 % of the theoretical capacity (154.1 mAh g−1 for NaFePO4), as well as an excellent rate capability in sodium-ion batteries. Compared with pure FePO4, the electrochemical performance has been greatly improved. On the one hand, using the CPNRs as conductive medium significantly improves electronic transport. On the other hand, the FePO4 sphere of nanoscale particles, which has a large specific surface area, can promote an active material/electrolyte interface reaction and improve the speed of sodiation and desodiation during the charge and discharge process. The amorphous FePO4/CPNRs composite shows outstanding electrochemical performance as competitive cathode material in SIBs.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Marcia KM (2011) U.S. Geological Survey: mineral commodity summaries 2011. USGS, USA
Kim SW, Seo DH, Ma X (2012) Adv Energy Mater 2:710–721
Song W, Wu Z, Chen J, Lan Q, Zhu Y (2014) Electrochim Acta 146:142–150
Larcher D, Tarascon JM (2015) Nat Chem 7:19–29
Noguchi Y, Kobayashi E, Plashnitsa LS (2013) Electrochim Acta 101:59–65
Nithya C, Gopukumar S (2015) Energy Environ Sci 4:253–278
Palomares V, Serras P, Villaluenga I (2012) Energy Environ Sci 5:5884–5901
Ellis BL, Nazar LF (2012) Solid State Mater Sci 16:168–177
Hong SY, Kim Y, Park Y, Choi A (2013) Energy Environ Sci 6:2067–2081
Liu Y, Xu S, Zhang SM (2015) J Mater Chem A 3:5501–5508
Xu SJ, Zhang SM, Zhang JX, Liu Y (2014) J Mater Chem A 2:7221–7728
Liu Y, Xu Y (2012) Nano Lett 12:5664–5668
Zaghib K, Trottier J, Hovington P (2011) J Power Sources 196:9612–9617
Oh SM, Myung ST, Hassoun (2012) Electrochem Commun 22:149–152
Burba CM, Frech R (2006) Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 65:44–50
Song YN, Suzuki M, Whittingham MS (2002) Inorg Chem 41:5578–5786
Whiteside A, Fisher CAJ, Parker SC (2014) Phys Chem Chem Phys 16:21788–21794
Allen JL, Jow TR, Wolfenstine J (2008) J Solid State Electrochem 12:1031–1033
Huang C, Cheng KH, Hsiao YS (2015) J Solid State Electrochem 19:2245–2253
Liu Y, Zhou YR, Zhang JX, Zhang SM (2015) Phys Chem Chem Phys 17:22144–22151
Churikov AV, Ivanishchev AV (2013) J Solid State Electrochem 18:1425–1441
Zhang JX, Yang X (2011) Funct Mater Lett 4:323–326
Yu SX, Dan S, Luo GE, Liu W (2012) J Solid State Electrochem 16:1675–1681
Fang Y, Xiao L (2014) Nano Lett 14:3539–3543
Cai Z, Martin CR (1989) J Am Chem Soc 111:4138–4139
Ding HJ, Wan MX (2007) Adv Mater 19:465–469
Mentus S, Ciric-Marjanovic G (2009) Nanotechnology 20:245601–245612
Peřinka N, Držková M, Hajná M (2014) J Therm Anal 116:589–595
Patil DS, Shaikh JS, Pawar SA (2012) Phys Chem Chem Phys 14:11886–11895
Li XG, Li H, Huang MR (2011) J Phys Chem C 115:9486–9497
Zhou Z, He D (2009) Thin Solid Films 517:6767–6771
Huang J, Virji S, Weiller B (2003) J Am Chem Soc 125:314–316
Hiura H, Ebbesen TW, Tanigaki K, Takahashi H (1993) Chem Phys Lett 202:509–512
Bernard S, Beyssac O, Benzerara K, Findling N, Tzvetkov G (2010) Carbon 48:2506–2516
Nascimento GM, Silva CHB, Temperini MLA (2008) Polym Degrad Stab 93:291–297
Zaghib K, Julien CM (2005) J Power Sources 142:279–284
Li C, Miao X (2015) J Mater Chem A 3:8265–8271
Ivers-Tiffée E, Weber A, Schichlein H (2010) Handbook of Fuel Cells. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester
Casalbore M, Giuseppe C, Nadia B, Giancardo G (1998) J Solid State Electrochem 3:15–24
Acknowledgments
This work was carried out with the financial support of the Project of Shanghai Science and Technology Commission (13NM1401400), the Project of Shanghai Science and Technology Commission (14DZ2261000), the Project of Ability Development of Shanghai Science and Technology Commission (09230501400), and the Research Foundation of the Ministry of Education (No. 20502).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Liu, Y., Zhou, Y., Zhang, S. et al. Amorphous iron phosphate/carbonized polyaniline nanorods composite as cathode material in sodium-ion batteries. J Solid State Electrochem 20, 479–487 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-015-3063-9
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-015-3063-9