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Experimental and theoretical studies of the influence of alkyl groups on the photovoltaic properties of (E)-6-((2, 3-dihydroxylnaphthalene)diazenyl)-1H-benzoisoquinoline-1,3-dione-based organic solar cell

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Abstract

The manipulation of the active dye material for application in dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) using simple or bulky group substituents is necessary for improved dye performance. Herein, we carried out a combined experimental and theoretical studies of different alkylated novel reactive (E)-6-(2,3-dihydroxyl naphthalene diazinyl)-1H-benzoisoquinoline-1,3-dione azo-based dyes using spectral (FTIR, UV–visible, and NMR) analysis and electronic structure theory method based first principle density functional theory (DFT) calculations to investigate the molecular electronic properties, structural analysis, excitation behavior, and the theoretical potential application in photovoltaic cell. The synthesized azo dye (azoD) was theoretically modeled by varying the number of alkyl chains denoted as AzoD1, AzoD2, AzoD3, and AzoD4 to represent azo dyes having ten (10), twelve (12), fourteen (14), and sixteen (16) alkyl chain length respectively. From the natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis, the higher stabilization energies, 227.80 and 227.77 kcal/mol respectively, recorded for AzoD1 and AzoD4 may be due to extra orbital contribution by π*(N21–N22) to π*C54–C56 31.19 eV for AzoD1 and π*(N21–N22) → π*(C53–C55) 31.43 eV AzoD4 confirming that chain length affected the orbital interaction of the molecules. The driving force (ΔGinject) of electron injection into the TiO2 surface (− 1.92 to − 1.93) shown in this study is indicative that alkylated azo dyes are good for improved DSSCs performance. Again, the open circuit voltage (Voc) of 1.090 (AzoD1), 1.092 (AzoD2), 1.093 (AzoD3), and 1.095 (AzoD4) are also evidence of the suitability of azo dyes as photosensitizers. All the spectroscopic analysis, FTIR, UV–visible, and NMR combined with theoretical calculations, provided accurate data for characterizing the titled azo dye compound and showed that it has good photophysical properties. The presence of alkyl groups and chain length promoted the stability of the dyes thereby making them suitable for application in DSSCs. Increase in chain length as well enhanced the electron injection into the conduction band of the semiconductor.

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The authors are thankful to all those who have supported this work in any way.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Computational and Bio-Simulation Research Group, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria

    Fredrick C. Asogwa, Hitler Louis, Tomsmith O. Unimuke & Thomas O. Magu

  2. Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria

    Fredrick C. Asogwa, Hitler Louis, Tomsmith O. Unimuke & Thomas O. Magu

  3. Department of Polymer and Textile Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria

    Umar S. Ameuru

  4. Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa

    Kayode A. Adegoke

  5. Department of Chemical Sciences, Clifford University, Owerrinta, Nigeria

    Ernest C. Agwamba

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  1. Fredrick C. Asogwa
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  2. Hitler Louis
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  4. Tomsmith O. Unimuke
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Contributions

Hitler Louis: conceptualization, designed, softwares, resources, analysis, and editing. Fredrick C. Asogwa: results analysis, editing, validation, project administration, and manuscript draft. Tomsmith O. Unimuke: validation, analysis, and editing. Umar S. Ameuru: methodology and resources. Thomas O. Magu: methodology and editing. Kayode A. Adegoke: editing and proofreading. Ernest C. Agwamba: results analysis and editing.

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Asogwa, F.C., Louis, H., Ameuru, U.S. et al. Experimental and theoretical studies of the influence of alkyl groups on the photovoltaic properties of (E)-6-((2, 3-dihydroxylnaphthalene)diazenyl)-1H-benzoisoquinoline-1,3-dione-based organic solar cell. J Mol Model 28, 245 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00894-022-05228-2

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