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Effects of local application of alendronate on early healing of extraction socket in dogs

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Abstract

Objective

The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of alendronate (ALN) on bone remodeling following tooth extraction in a dog model.

Material and methods

For the study, fifteen male Beagles dogs of approximately 12 months of age were used. Mesial roots of four mandibular premolars were endodontically treated, and the distal roots were removed. ALN concentrations of 0.5, 1, and 2 mg/mL were topically applied for 15 min, while a sterile saline was used as a negative control. After the healing period of 1, 2, and 8 weeks, the samples were analyzed by micro-CT and histology.

Results

Treatment with ALN increased vertical distance between the lingual and the buccal crestal bones. While the ALN-treated sockets had preserved more lingual bone areas, control sockets showed better preservation of the buccal bone areas. ALN treatment resulted in more osteoid formation within the extraction sockets compared with the control. Higher bone volume was found in ALN groups than in the control at 2-week and 8-week healing periods, reaching the significant difference only for the extraction sockets pooled for the ALN treatment.

Conclusions

Although ALN treatment could not prevent buccal bone resorption following tooth extraction in dogs, it proved beneficial for the preservation of the lingual bone and formation of new bone within the socket. There was no clear relation between the ALN dosages and the alterations within the extraction sockets.

Clinical relevance

ALN affects bone remodeling of the extraction socket. The optimal concentration remains to be determined in future studies.

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Acknowledgments

The authors wish to thank the staff at the Veterinary Faculty Lugo, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain, for excellent handling of the animals; Ms. Inga Grigaitiene for the histological preparation; and Mr. Mark Siegrist for his assistance during the μCT evaluation and TRAP staining. Part of this study was presented at the 27th Annual Scientific Meeting of the European Association for Osseointegration in Vienna, Austria [50].

Funding

The study was supported by a grant from the ITI Foundation (Basel, Switzerland, Nr. 1067_2015).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 10, CH-3010, Bern, Switzerland

    Nikola Saulacic

  2. Veterinary Faculty Lugo, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain

    Fernando Muñoz & Antonio Gonzáles-Cantalapiedra

  3. Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Life Dentistry at Niigata, The Nippon Dental University, Niigata, Japan

    Eizaburo Kobayashi

  4. Department of Oral Surgery and Stomatology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

    Vivianne Chappuis

  5. Bone Biology & Orthopaedic Research, Department for BioMedical Research, DBMR, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

    Willy Hofstetter

Authors
  1. Nikola Saulacic
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  2. Fernando Muñoz
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  3. Eizaburo Kobayashi
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  4. Vivianne Chappuis
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  5. Antonio Gonzáles-Cantalapiedra
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Nikola Saulacic.

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The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Ethical approval

The study protocol was approved from the Ethics Committee of the Rof Codina Foundation, Lugo, Spain (AELU001/17/INVMED(02)OUTROS(04)/AGC/01).

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Supplementary Fig. 1

Micro-CT analysis. The volume of interest (VOI) measuring 3 x 5 x 5 mm was positioned in the middle of the buccal bone (a). From the buccal view, VOI is outlined coronally with the line connecting the alveolar bone crest of the neighboring teeth (b) and from the occlusal view, by the midline of the extraction socket (c). VOI included bony wall and newly formed tissue within the buccal half of the extraction socket (d). P3 – third premolar, P4 – fourth premolar, M1 – first molar. (PNG 3246 kb)

High Resolution Image (TIF 5235 kb)

Supplementary Fig. 2

Histomorphometric parameters. The long axis of the root (R line) is identified on the mesial socket (a). The vertical distance is determined between two lines at the level of the buccal crest (BC) and the lingual crest (LC), perpendicular to R line. The A line perpendicular to the R line at the level of the root apex separates the mandible from the alveolar ridge. The C line connecting buccal and palatal alveolar crest represents the marginal border of the alveolar process that is divided into three equal portions: apical, middle and coronal. The mesial root site is projected over the distal extraction site (b) using the cross of the R and C lines as the reference point. The relative alteration in the vertical distance and the size of the alveolar process is estimated by subtracting the value obtained at the extraction site from the corresponding tooth site. (PNG 12720 kb)

High Resolution Image (TIF 16930 kb)

Supplementary Fig. 3

The presence of multinucleated TRAP+ cells on the buccal bony crest after 1 week of ALN treatment. Note a high presence of cells stained red with three or more nuclei enumerated. (PNG 2630 kb)

High Resolution Image (TIF 3749 kb)

Supplementary Fig. 4

The presence of TRAP+ multinucleated cells in the apical region of the extraction socket after 1 week of ALN treatment. Active osteoclasts are observed in the vicinity of the blood vessels. (PNG 2742 kb)

High Resolution Image (TIF 4017 kb)

Supplementary Fig. 5

The presence of TRAP+ multinucleated cells after 2 weeks of ALN treatment. Osteoclasts are present on the outer surface of the buccal crestal bone of the extraction socket. (PNG 2088 kb)

High Resolution Image (TIF 2824 kb)

Supplementary Fig. 6

The presence of TRAP+ cells after 2 weeks of ALN treatment. Inactive osteoclasts are seen on the newly formed bone next to the lingual bony wall. (PNG 2163 kb)

High Resolution Image (TIF 2971 kb)

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Saulacic, N., Muñoz, F., Kobayashi, E. et al. Effects of local application of alendronate on early healing of extraction socket in dogs. Clin Oral Invest 24, 1579–1589 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-019-03031-7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-019-03031-7

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