Abstract
Monoterpenes are the main component in essential oils of Lippia alba. In this species, the chemical composition of essential oils varies with genome size: citral (geraniol and neral) is dominant in diploids and tetraploids, and linalool in triploids. Because environmental stress impacts various metabolic pathways, we hypothesized that stress responses in L. alba could alter the relationship between genome size and essential oil composition. Water stress affects the flowering, production, and reproduction of plants. Here, we evaluated the effect of water stress on morphophysiology, essential oil production, and the expression of genes related to monoterpene synthesis in diploid, triploid, and tetraploid accessions of L. alba cultivated in vitro for 40 days. First, using transcriptome data, we performed de novo gene assembly and identified orthologous genes using phylogenetic and clustering-based approaches. The expression of candidate genes related to terpene biosynthesis was estimated by real-time quantitative PCR. Next, we assessed the expression of these genes under water stress conditions, whereby 1% PEG-4000 was added to MS medium. Water stress modulated L. alba morphophysiology at all ploidal levels. Gene expression and essential oil production were affected in triploid accessions. Polyploid accessions showed greater growth and metabolic tolerance under stress compared to diploids. These results confirm the complex regulation of metabolic pathways such as the production of essential oils in polyploid genomes. In addition, they highlight aspects of genotype and environment interactions, which may be important for the conservation of tropical biodiversity.
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Data Availability
The datasets generated during the current study are available upon request to the corresponding author.
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Dr. G. Godden for helping on RNA-seq analysis. The authors are also grateful to C. Rezende and P. Peixoto for helping with Handy Pea use and analysis. We would also like to thank Editage (http://www.editage.com) for English language editing. The authors thank to financial supported by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico-CNPq (Technology in Plant Physiology under Stress Conditions (INCT Plant Stress Physiology Grant: 406455/2022-8; 31443/2021-5), Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais-Fapemig (RED 0053-16), and Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior—Capes.
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JL analyzed the transcriptome data, EM and LN performed in vitro experiments, and EM, JL, and LN performed experiments, analyzed the data, and wrote the manuscript. VS helped in transcriptome data. EF helped in physiology experiments. RG helped at the chemical experiments and analyses. MS, DS, PS, WO, and LV revised the manuscript, and LV supervised the study. All authors read the paper and approved the final manuscript.
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Lopes, J.M.L., Nascimento, L.S.Q., Souza, V.C. et al. Water stress modulates terpene biosynthesis and morphophysiology at different ploidal levels in Lippia alba (Mill.) N. E. Brown (Verbenaceae). Protoplasma 261, 227–243 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-023-01890-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-023-01890-2