Abstract
The present experiment was conducted to investigate the promotive effects of exogenous glucose (Glc) on the morpho-physiology in Brassica juncea. L. cv. RGN-48. The plants were treated with the different concentrations (0, 2, 4, and 8%) of glucose as foliar spray at 25 days after sowing (DAS) for 5 days consecutively. The plants were collected to analyze various growth and photosynthetic parameters at 30, 45, and 60 DAS. After 5 days exposure to Glc, the level of carbohydrate, total reducing sugars, proline, plant water status, chlorophyll content, as well as that of activities of peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7), catalase (EC 1.11.1.6), and superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1) were increased. Glc application also enhanced the gaseous exchange parameters, i.e., stomatal conductance (gs), internal CO2 concentration (Ci), transpiration rate (E), and net photosynthetic rate (PN) in intact leaf. Other enzymes, such as nitrate reductase (EC 1.7.99.4) and carbonic anhydrase (EC 4.2.1.1) were also increased. Additionally, microscopic studies further reveal a remarkable increase in the stomatal aperture on Glc exposure. Moreover, exogenous Glc decreases the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide radical (O2·−) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). This indicates that exogenous Glc application has a positive effect on Brassica juncea plants.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aebi H (1984) Catalase in vitro. Methods Enzymol 105:121–126
Araya T, Noguchi K, Terashima I (2006) Effects of carbohydrate accumulation on photosynthesis differ between sink and source leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris L. Plant Cell Physiol 47:644–652
Aslam M, Oaks A (1975) Effect of glucose on the induction of nitrate reductase in corn roots. Plant Physiol 56:634–639
Bates LS, Waldren RP, Teare ID (1973) Rapid determination of free proline for water-stress studies. Plant Soil 39:205–207
Blokhina O, Virolainen E, Fagerstedt K (2003) Antioxidants, oxidative damage and oxygen deprivation stress: a review. Ann Bot 91:179–194
Chance B, Maehly AC (1955) Assay of catalase and peroxidase. Methods Enzymol 2:764–775
Cho YH, Yoo SD, Sheen J (2006) Regulatory of nuclear hexokinase 1 complex in glucose signaling. Cell 127:579–589
Cuoee I, Sulmon C, Gouesbet G, Amrani AE (2006) Involvement of soluble sugars in reactive oxygen species balance and responses to oxidative stress in plants. J Exp Bot 57:449–459
DuBois M, Gilles KA, Hamilton JK, Rebers PA, Smith F (1956) Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances. Anal Chem 28:350–356
Dwivedi RS, Randhawa NS (1974) Evaluation of a rapid test for the hidden hunger of zinc in plants. Plant Soil 40:445–451
Eveland AL, Jackson DP (2012) Sugars, signalling, and plant development. J Exp Bot 63:3367–3377
Gauchan DP (2012) Effect of different sugars on shoot regeneration of maize (Zea mays L). J Sci Eng Tech 8:119–124
Gibson SI (2000) Plant sugar-response pathways. Part of a complex regulatory web. Plant Physiol 124:1532–1539
Gibson SI (2005) Control of plant development and gene expression by sugar signaling. Curr Opin Plant Biol 8:93–102
Hayat S, Ali B, Hasan SA, Ahmad A (2007) Brassinosteroid enhanced the level of antioxidants under cadmium stress in Brassica juncea. Environ Exp Bot 60:33–41
Heath RL, Packer L (1968) Photoperoxidation in isolated chloroplasts. I. Kinetics and stoichiometry of fatty acid peroxidation. Arch Biochem Biophys 125:189–198
Hill JP, Germino MJ, Alongi DA (2011) Carbon-use efficiency in green sinks is increased when a blend of apoplastic fructose and glucose is available for uptake. J Exp Bot 62:2013–2022
Ho SL, Chao YC, Tong WF, Yu SM (2001) Sugar coordinately and differentially regulates growth and stress related gene expression via a complex signal transduction network and multiple control mechanisms. Plant Physiol 125:877–890
Hoque MA, Banu MNA, Okuma E, Amako K, Nakamura K, Shimoishi Y, Murata Y (2007) Exogenous proline and glycinebetaine increase NaCl-induced ascorbate-glutathione cycle enzyme activities, and proline improves salt tolerance more than glycinebetaine in tobacco bright Yellow-2 suspension-cultured cells. J Plant Physiol 164:1457–1468
Hu M, Hui L, Yingjun Z, Qian L (2009) Photosynthesis and related physiological characteristics affected by exogenous glucose in wheat seedlings under water stress. Acta Agron Sin 35:724–732
Hu M, Shi Z, Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Li H (2012) Effects of exogenous glucose on seed germination and antioxidant capacity in wheat seedlings under salt stress. Plant Growth Regul 68:177–188
Huang YW, Nie YX, Wan YY, Chen SY, Sun Y, Wang XJ, Bai JG (2013) Exogenous glucose regulates activities of antioxidant enzyme, soluble acid invertase and neutral invertases and alleviates dehydration stress of cucumber seedlings. Sci Hort 162:20–30
Jaworski EG (1971) Nitrate reductase assay in intact plant tissues. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 43:1274–1279
Jiang W, Ding M, Duan Q, Zhou Q, Huang D (2012) Exogenous glucose preserves the quality of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) plug seedlings for low temperature storage. Sci Hort 148:23–29
Kadota M, Niimi Y (2004) Influences of carbon sources and their concentrations on shoot proliferation and rooting of ‘Hosui’ Japanese pear. Sci Hort 39:1681–1683
Kaur N, Sharma I, Kirat K, Pati PK (2016) Detection of reactive oxygen species in Oryza sativa L. (rice). Bio Protoc 6:1–9
Keunen E, Peshev D, Vangronsveld J, Ende WVD, Cuypers A (2013) Plant sugars are crucial players in the oxidative challenge during abiotic stress: extending the traditional concept. Plant Cell Environ 36:1242–1255
Kono Y (1978) Generation of superoxide radical during autooxidation of hydroxylamine and an assay for superoxide dismutase. Arch Biochem Biophys 186:189–195
Li X, Ma XG, He JM (2013) Stomatal bioassay in Arabidopsis leaves. Bio Protoc 3:1–4
Miller GL (1959) Use of dinitrosalicylic acid reagent for determination of reducing sugars. Anal Chem 31:426–428
Mishra BS, Singh M, Aggrawal P, Laxmi A (2009) Glucose and auxin signaling interaction in controlling Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings root growth and development. PLoS One 4:e4502
Moghaddam MB, Ende WVD (2013) Sugars, the clock and transition to flowering. Front Plant Sci 4:1–3
Moore B, Zhou L, Rolland F, Hall F, Cheng WH, Liu YX, Hwang I, Jones T, Sheen J (2003) Role of the Arabidopsis glucose sensor HXK1 in nutrient, light and hormonal signaling. Science 300:332–336
Mortain-Bertrand A, Stammitti L, Telef N, Colardelle P, Brouquisse R, Rolin D, Gallusci P (2008) Effects of exogenous glucose on carotenoid accumulation in tomato leaves. Physiol Plant 134:246–256
Novichkova NS, Romanova AK, Ignatev AR, Vlasova TA, Kreslavskii VD, Ivanov BN (2006) Carbonic anhydrase in leaves during radish plant ontogeny and glucose effect. Russ J Plant Physiol 53:439–448
Ozcan S, Johnston M (1999) Function and regulation of yeast hexose transporters. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 63:554–569
Price J, Laxmi A, Martin SKS, Jang JC (2004) Global transcription profiling reveals multiple sugar signal transduction mechanisms in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 16:2128–2150
Ramiro DA, Guerreiro-Filho O, Mazzafera P (2006) Phenol contents, oxidase activities, and the resistance of coffee to the leaf miner Leucoptera coffeella. J Chem Ecol 32:1977–1988
Rattan A, Kapoor N, Kapoor D, Bhardwaj R (2017) Salinity induced damage overwhelmed by the treatment of brassinosteroids in Zea mays seedlings. Adv Biores 8:87–102
Rolland F, Moore B, Sheen J (2002) Sugar sensing and signaling in plants. Plant Cell:185–205
Rossenwasser S, Rot I, Sollner E, Meyer AJ, Smith Y, Laviatan N, Fluhr R, Friedman H (2011) Organelles contribute differentially to reactive oxygen species-related events during extended darkness. Plant Physiol 156:185–201
Sami F, Yusuf M, Faizan M, Faraz A, Hayat S (2016) Role of sugars under abiotic stress. Plant Physiol Biochem 109:54–61
Sheen J (2014) Master regulators in plant glucose signalling networks. J Plant Biol 57:67–79
Singh M, Gupta A, Laxmi A (2014) Glucose and phytohormone interplay in controlling root directional growth in Arabidopsis. Plant Signal Behav 9:e29219
Smeekens S, Ma J, Hanson J, Rolland F (2009) Sugar signals and molecular networks controlling plant growth. Curr Opin Plant Biol 13:1–6
Tyburski J, Dunajska K, Mazurek P, Piotrowska P, Tretyn A (2009) Exogenous auxin regulates H2O2 metabolism in roots of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) seedlings affecting the expression and activity of CuZn-superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase. Acta Physiol Plant 31:249–260
Wingler A, Masclaux-Daubresse C, Fischer AM (2009) Sugars, senescing, and ageing in plants and heterotrophic organisms. J Exp Biol 60:1063–1066
Yaseen M, Ahmad T, Sablok G, Standardi A, Hafiz IA (2013) Review: role of carbon sources for in vitro plant growth and development. Mol Biol Rep 40:2837–2849
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Handling Editor: Bhumi Nath Tripathi
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Sami, F., Hayat, S. Effect of glucose on the morpho-physiology, photosynthetic efficiency, antioxidant system, and carbohydrate metabolism in Brassica juncea. Protoplasma 256, 213–226 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-018-1291-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-018-1291-4