Abstract
Based on historical and the SSP5-8.5 experiments from twenty Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 6 (CMIP6) models, the historical and projected relationships between the summer dominant modes of the subtropical westerly jet (SWJ, 20–55°N, 40–80°E) and the corresponding precipitation over Central Asia (CA) are investigated. The historical experiment shows that almost all (19) CMIP6 models except for the EC-Earth3-Veg model can simulate the changes in summer dominant modes of the SWJ, and sixteen of them can reproduce the relationships between the summer dominant modes of the SWJ and precipitation over CA as observed. Changes in the dominant modes of the SWJ correspond to the formation of anomalous cyclones in different parts of CA, which play important roles in modulating the summer precipitation over CA, and only ten of the sixteen models can capture the above physical progress. The dominant modes of the SWJ in the ten selected models retain unchanged and they are still closely related to summer precipitation over CA in the SSP5-8.5 experiment in the second half of the twenty-first century. Nine (seven) of the ten models agree that when the SWJ moves southward (strengthens), the domain of 37–47°N, 60–85°E (47–55°N, 55–75°E) will receive more summer precipitation in the SSP5-8.5 experiment during 2050–2099. Large uncertainties exist in the projected change in the strength of the SWJ and summer precipitation over CA among the nine unselected models during 2050–2099.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Code availability
Not applicable.
References
Aizen EM, Aizen VB, Melack JM, Nakamura T, Ohta T (2001) Precipitation and atmospheric circulation patterns at mid-latitudes of Asia. Int J Climatol 21(5):535–556. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.626
Chen FH, Chen JH, Holmes J, Boomer I, Austin P, Gates JB, Wang NL, Brooks SJ, Zhang JW (2010) Moisture changes over the last millennium in arid central Asia: a review, synthesis and comparison with monsoon region. Quat Sci Rev 29(7–8):1055–1068. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.01.005
Chen FH, Huang W, Jin LY, Chen JH, Wang JS (2011) Spatiotemporal precipitation variations in the arid Central Asia in the context of global warming. Sci China Earth Sci 54(12):1812–1821. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-011-4333-8
Chen XL, Zhou TJ, Wu PL, Guo Z, Wang MH (2020) Emergent constraints on future projections of the western North Pacific Subtropical High. Nat Commun 11(1):2802. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-16631-9
Chen Z, Wu RG, Zhao Y, Wang ZB (2022) Different responses of central Asian precipitation to strong and weak El Niño Events. J Clim 35:1497–1514. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-21-0238.1
Dai Y, Lu RY (2013) Projected change in the relationships between East Asian summer rainfall and upper-tropospheric westerly jet. Chin Sci Bull 58:1436–1442. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-012-5540-1
Dong TY, Dong WJ (2021) Evaluation of extreme precipitation over Asia in CMIP6 models. Clim Dyn 57(7–8):1751–1769. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-021-05773-1
Du Y, Li T, Xie ZQ, Zhu ZW (2016) Interannual variability of the Asian subtropical westerly jet in boreal summer and associated circulation and SST anomalies. Clim Dyn 46:2673–2688. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-015-2723-x
Fu YH, Lin ZD, Guo D (2020) Improvement of the simulation of the summer East Asian westerly jet from CMIP5 to CMIP6. Atmos Ocean Sci Lett 13(6):550–558. https://doi.org/10.1080/16742834.2020.1746175
Ge F, Zhu SP, Peng T, Zhao Y, Sielmann F, Fraedrich K, Zhi XF, Liu XR, Tang WW, Ji LY (2019) Risks of precipitation extremes over Southeast Asia: does 1.5°Cor 2°C global warming make a difference? Environ Res Lett 14:044015. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aaff7e
Guo H, Bao AM, Chen T, Zheng GX, Wang YQ, Jiang LL, Mayer PD (2021) Assessment of CMIP6 in simulating precipitation over arid Central Asia. Atmos Res 252(15):105451. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2021.105451
Horinouchi T, Matsumura S, Ose T, Takayabu YN (2019) Jet–precipitation relation and future change of the mei-yu–baiu rainband and subtropical jet in CMIP5 coupled GCM simulations. J Clim 32(8):2247–2259. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0426.1
Hu CD, Lin LF, Yang S (2020) Interdecadal changes in the relationships between East Asia-West Pacific summer monsoon precipitation anomalies and East Asian upper-tropospheric westerly jet stream. J Meteor Sci 202:661–668. https://doi.org/10.3969/2020jms.0074
Huang W, Chen JH, Zhang XJ, Feng S, Chen FH (2015) Definition of the core zone of the “westerlies-dominated climatic regime”, and its controlling factors during the instrumental period. Sci China Earth Sci 58(5):676–684. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-015-5057-y
Huang QX, Zhao Y, He Q (2013) Climatic characteristics in Central Asia Based on CRU data. Arid Zone Res 30(3):396–403. https://doi.org/10.13866/j.azr.2013.03.019
Huang X, Zhou TJ, Dai A (2020) South Asian summer monsoon projections constrained by the interdecadal Pacific oscillation. Sci Adv 6(11):6546. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aay6546
Kalnay E, Kanamitsu M, Kistler R, Collins W, Deaven D, Gandin L, Iredell M, Saha S, White G, Woollen J, Zhu Y, Chelliah M, Ebisuzaki W, Higgins W, Janowiak J, Mo KC, Ropelewski C, Wang J, Leetmaa A, Reynolds R, Jenne R, Joseph D (1996) The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project. Bull Am Meteor Soc 77(3):437–472. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477077%3c0437:TNYRP%3e2.0.CO;2
Kuang XY, Zhang YC (2005) Seasonal variation of the East Asian subtropical westerly jet and its association with the heating field over East Asia. Adv Atmos Sci 22(6):831–840. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02918683
Kuang XY, Zhang YC (2006) Impact of the position abnormalities of East Asian subtropical westerly jet on summer precipitation in middle-lower reaches of Yangtze River. Plateau Meteor 25(003):382–389. https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1000-0534.2006.03.004
Li C, Wang Z, Lin S, Zhuo H (2004) The relationships between East Asian summer monsoon activity and northward jump of the upper westerly jet location. Chin J Atmos Sci 28(005):641–658
Li L, Zhang YC (2014) Effects of different configurations of the East Asian subtropical and polar front jets on precipitation during the mei-yu season. J Clim 27(17):6660–6672. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00021.1
Li LL, Li J, Yu RC (2022) Evaluation of CMIP6 High ResMIP models in simulating precipitation over Central Asia. Adv Clim Change Res 13(1):1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accre.2021.09.009
Liang XZ, Wang WC (1998) Associations between China monsoon rainfall and tropospheric jets. Q J R Meteor Soc 124(552):2597–2623. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49712455204
Lin Z, Lu RY (2008) Abrupt northward jump of the East Asian upper-tropospheric jet stream in mid-Summer. J Meteor Soc Jpn 86(6):857–866. https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.86.857
Liu YZ, Wu CQ, Jia R, Huang JP (2018) An overview of the influence of atmospheric circulation on the climate in arid and semi-arid region of Central and East Asia. Sci China Earth Sci 61:1183–1194. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-017-9202-1
Meng LX, Zhao Y, Li MG (2021) Effects of whole SST anomaly in the tropical Indian Ocean on summer rainfall over Central Asia. Front Earth Sci 9:738066. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.738066
O’Neill BC, Kriegler E, Riahi KW, Ebi KL, Hallegatte S, Carter TR, Mathur R, Vuuren DP (2014) A new scenario framework for climate change research: the concept of shared socioeconomic pathways. Clim Change 122:387–400. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-013-0905-2
Ren YJ, Zhou BT, Song LC, Xiao Y (2016) Interannual variability of western North Pacific subtropical high, East Asian jet and East Asian summer precipitation: CMIP5 simulation and projection. Quat Int 440B(10):64–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2016.08.033
Riahi KW, Vuuren DP, Kriegler E, Edmonds J, O’Neill BC, Fujimori S, Bauer N, Calvin K, Dellink R, Fricko O, Lutz W, Popp A, Cuaresma JC, Samir KC, Leimbach M, Jiang LW, Kram T, Rao S, Emmerling J, Ebi K, Hasegawa T, Havlik P, Humpenöder F, Silva LA, Smith S, Stehfest E, Bosetti V, Eom J, Gernaat D, Masui T, Rogelj J, Strefler J, Drouet L, Krey V, Luderer G, Harmsen M, Takahashi K, Baumstark L, Doelman JC, Kainuma M, Klimont Z, Marangoni G, Campen HL, Obersteiner M, Tabeau A, Tavoni M (2016) The shared socioeconomic pathways and their energy, land use, and greenhouse gas emissions implications: An overview. Glob Environ Change 42:153–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.05.009
Rogers JC, Loon HV (1979) The seesaw in winter temperatures between Greenland and northern Europe. Part II: Some oceanic and atmospheric effects in middle and high latitudes. Mon Weather Rev 107(5):509–519. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1979)1072.0.CO;2
Schiemann R, Daniel L, Schär C (2008) Seasonality and interannual variability of the westerly jet in the Tibetan Plateau region. J Clim 22(11):2940–2957. https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JCLI2625.1
Schneider U, Becker A, Finger P, Meyer CA, Rudolf B, Ziese M (2011) GPCC full data reanalysis version 6.0 at 0.5: monthly land-surface precipitation from rain-gauges built on GTS-based and historic data. GPCC Data Rep. https://doi.org/10.5676/DWD_GPCC/FD_M_V6_050
Wang SX, Zuo HC (2016) Effect of the East Asian westerly jet’s intensity on summer rainfall in the Yangtze River valley and its mechanism. J Clim 29(7):2395–2406. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0259.1
Wei W, Zhang RH, Wen M, Yang S (2016) Relationships between the Asian westerly jet stream and summer precipitation over central Asia and North China: roles of the Indian monsoon and the South Asian high. J Clim 30(2):537–552. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0814.1
Xiang Y, Yang XQ (2012) The effect of transient eddy on interannual meridional displacement of summer East Asian subtropical jet. Adv Atmos Sci 29(3):484–492. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-011-1113-5
Xiao CL, Zhang YC (2012) The East Asian upper-tropospheric jet streams and associated transient eddy activities simulated by a climate system model BCC_CSM1.1. Acta Meteor Sin 26:700–716. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13351-012-0603-4
Xuan SL, Zhang QY, Sun SQ (2011) Anomalous midsummer rainfall in Yangtze River-Huaihe River valleys and its association with the East Asia westerly jet. Adv Atmos Sci 28(2):387–397. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-010-0111-3
Yang LM, Zhang QY (2008) Climate features of summer Asia subtropical westerly jet stream. Clim Environ Res 13:10–20
Yao JQ, Yang Q, Mao WY, Xu XB, Liu ZH (2016) Evaluation of the impacts of climate change and human activities on the hydrological environment in Central Asia. J Glaciol Geocryol 038(001):222–230. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2016.0020
Zhang YC, Kuang XY, Guo WD, Zhou TJ (2006) Seasonal evolution of the upper-tropospheric westerly jet core over East Asia. Geophys Res Lett 33(11):317–324. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL026377
Zhang YH, Yang LM, Xiao KT, Qin H, Li YY, Yang X (2012) The central Asian vortexes activity during 1971–2010. J Appl Meteor Sci 23:312–321
Zhao Y, Wang MZ, Huang AN, Li HJ, Huo W, Yang Q (2014a) Relationships between the West Asian subtropical westerly jet and summer precipitation in northern Xinjiang. Theor Appl Climatol 116(3–4):403–411. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-013-0948-3
Zhao Y, Huang AN, Zhou Y, Huang DQ, Yang Q, Ma YF, Li M, Wei G (2014b) Impact of the middle and upper tropospheric cooling over Central Asia on the summer rainfall in the Tarim Basin, China. J Clim 27(12):4721–4732. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00456.1
Zhao Y, Huang AN, Zhou Y, Yang Q (2016) The impacts of the summer plateau monsoon over the Tibetan Plateau on the rainfall in the Tarim Basin, China. Theor Appl Climatol 126(1–2):265–272. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-015-1576-x
Zhao Y, Yu XJ, Yao JQ, Dong XN (2018) Evaluation of the subtropical westerly jet and its effects on the projected summer rainfall over central Asia using multi-CMIP5 models. Int J Climatol 38(Supp1.1):e1176–e1189. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.5783
Zhou BT, Wen HQZ, Xu Y, Song LC, Zhang XB (2014) Projected changes in temperature and precipitation extremes in China by the CMIP5multimodel ensembles. J Climate 27:6591–6611. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-13-0076.1
Zhou BT, Xu Y, Shi Y (2017) Present and future connection of Asian-Pacific oscillation to large-scale atmospheric circulations and East Asian rainfall: Results of CMIP5. Clim Dyn 50:17–29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-017-3579-z
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to the NCEP/NCAR for releasing the reanalysis data. We also thank three anonymous reviewers for their very thoughtful and constructive suggestions.
Funding
This study is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China grants (41975110 and 41875102) and Sichuan Science and Technology Program (2020JDJQ0050).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Yong Zhao designed the study. Guoqiang Ren, Yong Zhao, Shuang Qiu, Lixia Meng, and Ruibo Zhang conducted field work. Guoqiang Ren processed the data, prepared tables and draw Figs. 1–6. Shuang Qiu provided the methods and draw Figs. 7–8. Lixia Meng draw Figs. 9–10. Ruibo Zhang draw Figs. 11–12. All authors written and revised the manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval
Not applicable.
Consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher's note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Ren, G., Zhao, Y., Qiu, S. et al. Historical and projected relationships between the dominant modes of summer subtropical westerly jet and precipitation over Central Asia based on CMIP6 models. Theor Appl Climatol 155, 1201–1215 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-023-04678-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-023-04678-9