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Impact of urbanization on surface energy balance components over metropolitan cities of India during 2000–2018 winter seasons

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Abstract

The present study attempts to evaluate the urban energy balance components concerning increasing urbanization and artificial surfaces over Indian metropolitan cities during the 2000–2018 winter seasons by using Landsat 7 and 8 satellite imageries. The results indicate that the estimated ranges of the energy fluxes are in the typical values reported in the earlier literature over global cities. The sensible heat flux (SHF) increased considerably, and the latent heat flux (LHF) slightly decreased during the study period. The mean SHF over the built-up areas (BA) and the dry lands (DL) of Delhi record a maximum increase of 28.2 Wm−2and 39.7 Wm−2 during the study period. The inland cities have high values of SHF over DL than the coastal cities, and the LHF is high over all the land use classes for the west coast cities. The SHF (LHF) shows a positive (negative) correlation with the land surface temperature. The SHF (LHF) is about 19–33% (1.9–15%) of the net radiation flux, and the residual heat flux is about 60 to 80% of the net radiation flux. The present study advocates that the substantial changes of the surface energy balance parameters have a profound influence on the energy exchange mechanism and could affect regional climatic change.

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Data availability

The data utilized for the study are available freely for users in the corresponding websites as mentioned in the “Study area and data” section of the manuscript.

Code availability

Software: ArcGIS 10.3, ERDAS Imagine, MATLAB.

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Acknowledgements

The first author of the manuscript would gratefully acknowledge the Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, for providing the fellowship and the necessary facilities to conduct the PhD work. The authors are thankful to USGS Earth Resources Observation Systems (EROS) Data Centre for freely providing Landsat imageries used in the study. The authors are thankful to the Wyoming Weather Web–Atmospheric sounding (University of Wyoming) and Weather Underground for freely availing atmospheric soundings. Authors are also thankful to the NOAA data archive for freely availing the NCEP-DOE Reanalysis 2 data sets.

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  1. Centre for Oceans, Rivers, Atmosphere and Land Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721 302, India

    Sabiha Sultana & A. N. V. Satyanarayana

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  1. Sabiha Sultana
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SS and ANVS designed and framed the study. SS analyzed the data and wrote the manuscript. ANVS provided intellectual advice and work directions along with review and editing of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to A. N. V. Satyanarayana.

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Sultana, S., Satyanarayana, A. Impact of urbanization on surface energy balance components over metropolitan cities of India during 2000–2018 winter seasons. Theor Appl Climatol 148, 693–725 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-022-03937-5

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