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Systematics and phylogeography of the Dactylorhiza maculata complex (Orchidaceae) in Scandinavia: insights from cytological, morphological and molecular data

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Abstract

Flow cytometry, morphometry and molecular markers [plastid DNA and internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA] were used to determine taxonomic and phylogeographic patterns in Dactylorhiza maculata s.l. from Scandinavia. A total of 238 individuals from 27 populations from throughout all of Scandinavia, including the adjacent Kola Peninsula of Russia, were analyzed. Diploid D. maculata ssp. fuchsii and autotetraploid D. maculata ssp. maculata are morphologically differentiated. Fragment size variants from 10 plastid DNA loci (seven microsatellite loci and three loci with indel variation) were combined to give 43 haplotypes. Three major groups of haplotypes were found. Group I haplotypes were prevalent in the north and the northeast, whereas Group II haplotypes were prevalent in the south and the southwest. Group III was represented by only a single haplotype and appeared to be the result of introgression from D. incarnata s.l. Group I and Group II haplotypes did not correspond with cytologically and morphologically defined D. maculata ssp. fuchsii or D. maculata ssp. maculata. Past introgressive gene flow rather than recent hybridization is envisaged. Intermediate Group I haplotypes between Group II and the rest of Group I were detected in a zone of contact in central Sweden, which may suggest plastid DNA recombination. The six ITS alleles scored showed strong positive correlation with taxonomy. All data sets obtained for ssp. maculata were significantly correlated with geography. Three different autotetraploid lineages are hypothesized. One lineage may represent postglacial immigration from the south and the other two lineages may represent eastern immigration routes. Morphology and ITS data suggested that subarctic populations of ssp. maculata should be recognized as var. kolaënsis.

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Acknowledgments

We thank friends and colleagues for providing information about sample localities. We are especially grateful to Ilona Blinova for practical help on the Kola Peninsula, Ingela Ståhlberg for assistance in the field, Lina Steinke for assistance in the lab and Louise Hathaway for correcting and improving the language. We also thank Richard M. Bateman and one anonymous reviewer for valuable comments. Financial support was given by Anna och Svante Murbecks minnesfond and Lunds botaniska förening to DS, and The Swedish Research Council for Environment, Agricultural Sciences and Spatial Planning, FORMAS (grant 2002–0102) to MH.

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  1. Department of Ecology, Plant Ecology and Systematics, Lund University, Sölvegatan 37, 223 62, Lund, Sweden

    David Ståhlberg & Mikael Hedrén

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  1. David Ståhlberg
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Correspondence to David Ståhlberg.

Appendices

Appendix 1

See Table 9.

Table 9 Population means of morphological characters (see Table 4)
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Appendix 2

See Table 10.

Table 10 Characterization of plastid haplotypes identified in the present study by means of the primer pairs described in Table 5
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Ståhlberg, D., Hedrén, M. Systematics and phylogeography of the Dactylorhiza maculata complex (Orchidaceae) in Scandinavia: insights from cytological, morphological and molecular data. Plant Syst Evol 273, 107–132 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-008-0035-x

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