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Lab-made disposable screen-printed electrochemical sensors and immunosensors modified with Pd nanoparticles for Parkinson’s disease diagnostics

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Abstract

A new conductive ink based on the addition of carbon black to a poly(vinyl alcohol) matrix is developed and investigated for electrochemical sensing and biosensing applications. The produced devices were characterized using morphological and electrochemical techniques and modified with Pd nanoparticles to enhance electrical conductivity and reaction kinetics. With the aid of chemometrics, the parameters for metal deposition were investigated and the sensor was applied to the determination of Parkinson’s disease biomarkers, specifically epinephrine and α-synuclein. A linear behavior was obtained in the range 0.75 to 100 μmol L-1 of the neurotransmitter, and the device displayed a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.051 μmol L-1. The three-electrode system was then tested using samples of synthetic cerebrospinal fluid. Afterward, the device was modified with specific antibodies to quantify α-synuclein using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. In phosphate buffer, a linear range was obtained for α-synuclein concentrations from 1.5 to 15 μg mL-1, with a calculated LOD of 0.13 μg mL-1. The proposed immunosensor was also applied to blood serum samples, and, in this case, the linear range was observed from 6.0 to 100.5 μg mL-1 of α-synuclein, with a LOD = 1.3 µg mL-1. Both linear curves attend the range for the real diagnosis, demonstrating its potential application to complex matrices.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful for the financial support provided by Brazilian agencies Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP, #2019/23342-0), Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES, 88887.504861/2020-00 and 001), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq #380632/2023-3; 301796/2022-0), and Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (FINEP, MARTMA, #01.22.0179.00).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Nature Sciences, Mathematics and Education, Federal University of São Carlos, Araras, SP, 13600-970, Brazil

    Luiz Otávio Orzari, Luiz Ricardo Guterres e Silva, Rafaela Cristina de Freitas & Bruno Campos Janegitz

  2. Department of Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics, Federal University of São Carlos, Sorocaba, SP, 18052-780, Brazil

    Luiz Otávio Orzari, Luiz Ricardo Guterres e Silva & Rafaela Cristina de Freitas

  3. São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, 13566-590, Brazil

    Laís Canniatti Brazaca

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  1. Luiz Otávio Orzari
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Orzari, L.O., Silva, L.R.G.e., de Freitas, R.C. et al. Lab-made disposable screen-printed electrochemical sensors and immunosensors modified with Pd nanoparticles for Parkinson’s disease diagnostics. Microchim Acta 191, 76 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-023-06158-3

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