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Non-enzymatic electrochemical dopamine sensing probe based on hexagonal shape zinc-doped cobalt oxide (Zn-Co2O4) nanostructure

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Abstract

A non-enzymatic dopamine electrochemical sensing probe was developed. A hexagonal shape zinc-doped cobalt oxide (Zn-Co2O4) nanostructure was prepared by a facile hydrothermal approach. The combination of Zn, which has an abundance of electrons, and Co3O4 exhibited a synergistically electron-rich nanocomposite. The crystallinity of the nanostructure was investigated using X-ray diffraction. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to examine the surface morphology, revealing hexagonal nanoparticles with an average particle size of 400 nm. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) was used to confirm the nanostructure of the doped material. The nanostructure’s bonding and functional groups were verified using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The electrochemical characterization was conducted by using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and amperometry. The resistivity of the electrode was confirmed through EIS and showed that the bare glassy carbon electrode (GCE) exhibited higher charge transfer resistance as compared to modified Zn-Co2O4/GCE. The sensing probe was developed by modifying the surface of GCE with Zn-Co2O4 nanostructure and tested as an electrochemical sensor for dopamine oxidation; it operated best at a working potential of 0.17 V (vs Ag/AgCl). The developed sensor exhibited a low limit of detection (0.002 µM), a high sensitivity (126 µA. µM−1 cm−2), and a wide linear range (0.2 to 185 µM). The sensor showed a short response time of < 1 s. The sensor’s selectivity was investigated in the presence of coexisting species (uric acid, ascorbic acid, adrenaline, epinephrine, norepinephrine, histamine, serotonin, tyramine, phenethylamine, and glucose) with no effects on dopamine determination results. The developed sensor was also successfully used for determining dopamine concentrations in a real sample.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful to the Higher Education Commission (HEC), Pakistan, for the NRPU Project No. 5358 as financial assistance and King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, under Project No. DF191016.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials (IRCBM), COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Defence Road, Off Raiwind Road Lahore, Islamabad, 54000, Pakistan

    Muhammad Inam Khan & Abdur Rahim

  2. Department of Physics, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Defence Road, Off Raiwind Road Lahore, Islamabad, 54000, Pakistan

    Muhammad Inam Khan & Aamir Razaq

  3. Department of Dental Materials, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, KPK, Pakistan

    Nawshad Muhammad

  4. National Centre of Excellence in Physical Chemistry, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan

    Muhammad Tariq

  5. Department of Chemistry, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, KPK, Pakistan

    Umar Nishan

  6. Department of Chemistry, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia

    Tawfik A. Saleh

  7. Department of Chemistry, Khalifa University, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

    Mohammad Abu Haija

  8. Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

    Issam Ismail

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  1. Muhammad Inam Khan
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Correspondence to Tawfik A. Saleh or Abdur Rahim.

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Khan, M.I., Muhammad, N., Tariq, M. et al. Non-enzymatic electrochemical dopamine sensing probe based on hexagonal shape zinc-doped cobalt oxide (Zn-Co2O4) nanostructure. Microchim Acta 189, 37 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-021-05142-z

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