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Amperometric sensor for dopamine based on surface-graphenization pencil graphite electrode prepared by in-situ electrochemical delamination

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Abstract

A surface-graphenized pencil graphite electrode (SGPGE) served as an amperometric sensor for dopamine (DA). It was prepared through a one-step in-situ electrochemical graphene delamination. The graphite particles on the outer surface of the pencil graphite electrode (PGE) were delaminated by controlling the electrochemical delaminating conditions such as the applied anodic voltage and polarization duration, as well as the kind of electrolytes. The best conditions were identified by scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectra, cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). As a result, the electrode was endowed with an optimum combination of graphene delamination efficiency and electrochemical activity. The electrochemical treatment activates the surface sensing sites and improves the sensing performance. The NaOH-teated anodically graphenized electrode was used to sense dopamine by DPV. The best oxidation voltage of dopamine is at around 0.17 V (vs. SCE). The electrode respondsy to dopamine in the ranges of 0.15 to 45 μM, the detection limit is 8.2 nM (S/N = 3), and the sensitivity is 20.81 μA μM−1 cm−2. In real human urine samples, the sensor exhibited detection recoveries of 97.4–98.8% and low relative standard deviations of 3.49–3.92%.

Schematic presentation of a surface-graphenized pencil graphite electrode (SGPGE) for detecting dopamine. It was prepared by a one-step in situ electrochemical graphene delamination.

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Acknowledgements

This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 21176102, 21176215, 21476136, 21171035), the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (No. 15430501200), the Sino-German Center for Research Promotion (No. GZ935), and the Innovation Program of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission (No. 14ZZ160).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, 201620, China

    Xuexue Fan, Yanan Xu, Tiandu Sheng, Dongqing Zhao, Haikuan Yuan, Fengjiao Liu, Xijian Liu, Lijuan Zhang & Jie Lu

  2. China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, 201203, China

    Xueyan Zhu

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Fan, X., Xu, Y., Sheng, T. et al. Amperometric sensor for dopamine based on surface-graphenization pencil graphite electrode prepared by in-situ electrochemical delamination. Microchim Acta 186, 324 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-019-3430-9

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