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polycalconcarboxylic acid/electrochemically reduced graphene oxide-modified glassy carbon electrode-based voltammetric sensor for the simultaneous determination of dopamine and tyrosine

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Abstract

A voltammetric sensor has been developed for dopamine and tyrosine based on the double modification of polycalconcarboxylic acid (pCCA) and electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (ERGO) on the glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The electrode was first modified with calconcarboxylic acid, followed by the modification with electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (ERGO/pCCA/GCE) over it. The extended п-electron system on pCCA helps to increase the conductivity of the material. The functional groups present on pCCA along with its extended conjugation increase the electrocatalytic effect of the modified electrode. ERGO has good electrochemical properties due to the reduction of oxygen-containing functional groups in their edge plane sites. Rapid electron transfer is possible in the case of ERGO-modified electrodes due to the high proportion of the edge plane defects. When pCCA and ERGO are clubbed together, there will be a synergistic effect of the properties of these two materials. Characterisation studies have been done, and different sensor parameters were optimised. Under optimal experimental conditions, a wide linear range was obtained for the determination of dopamine from 1.00 × 10−5 M to 5.00 × 10−7 M. The determination of tyrosine was possible in two linear ranges, from 7.00 × 10−5 M to 2.00 × 10−5 M and from 1.00 × 10−5 M to 3.00 × 10−6 M. The limit of detection values (LODs) obtained for dopamine and tyrosine were 1.00 × 10−7 M and 9.00 × 10−7 M. Application studies for the determination of the analytes were done in synthetic urine and blood serum using the spike recovery method.

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The electrochemical sensing of DA and Tyr using ERGO/pCCA/GCE

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Acknowledgements

The author would like to acknowledge the Department of Physics, Cochin University of Science and Technology (CUSAT) for FE-SEM and EDX analysis. The authors would also like to express their sincere gratitude towards SAIF, M. G. University for the Raman spectroscopy.

Funding

The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) and the University Grants Commission (UGC), India, provided financial aid in the form of research fellowship. The author, Swathy S, would like to acknowledge the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) for financial assistance in the form of a research fellowship (grant no. 09/239(0541)/2018-EMR-I). The author, Keerthi K., would like to acknowledge the University Grants Commission (UGC) for financial assistance in the form of the research fellowship. The authors would like to express their sincere gratitude towards the PLEASE project, Higher Education Council, Government of Kerala, India, for financial assistance.

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  1. Department of Applied Chemistry, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi, 682022, Kerala, India

    Swathy S , Keerthi Kodakat & K. Girish Kumar

  2. Chinmaya Vishwa Vidyapeeth–Deemed University, Adi Sankara Nilayam, Veliyanad PO, Ernakulam, 682313, Kerala, India

    K. Girish Kumar

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  1. Swathy S
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Swathy S: conceptualisation, methodology, formal analysis and investigation, writing—original draft preparation; Keerthi K.: conceptualisation and writing—review and editing; K. Girish Kumar: conceptualisation, writing-review and editing, funding acquisition, resources, and supervision.

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Correspondence to K. Girish Kumar.

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Swathy S, Kodakat, K. & Kumar, K.G. polycalconcarboxylic acid/electrochemically reduced graphene oxide-modified glassy carbon electrode-based voltammetric sensor for the simultaneous determination of dopamine and tyrosine. Ionics (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-024-05490-9

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