Abstract
Rocks have a softening effect under the long-term physical and chemical action of water, resulting in a reduction in the strength of rock and a weakening of the safety performance of project, which may have destructive effects for the wellbore instability, borehole contraction, leakage, and reservoir protection at a certain time. To investigate the effect of water-induced rock softening on its anisotropy for reservoir protection, the digital experiment was conducted on three types of rocks with four different saturation levels in five different directions. A digital drilling response model was employed to determine the drilling strength and specific energy at the critical point. The drilling parameters of the three types of rocks were recorded to calculate the softening coefficient and the anisotropy of the softening coefficient. The reliability of the proposed anisotropy of the softening coefficient was verified by introducing strength parameters based on the water-induced rock softening. The results show that the softening coefficient decreased with increasing saturation levels. The highest decrease with 43% was observed in mudstone. The anisotropy of the softening coefficient increased with an increasing saturation levels. The highest increase with 12% was observed in mudstone. Both fine-grained sandstone and mudstone exhibited the phenomenon of strength rebound with increasing saturation levels. A comparison with the previous studies reveals that this method can provide a reliable basis for determining the degree of rock softening using drilling strength.
Highlights
-
The effect of water-induced rock softening on rock anisotropy is investigated during drilling process.
-
The digital experiment was conducted on rocks with four different saturation levels.
-
The reliability of the anisotropy of the softening coefficient was verified by introducing strength parameter.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data Availability
Data will be made available on request.
Abbreviations
- F n :
-
Thrust force
- T :
-
Torque
- α :
-
The inclination angle of the drill bit
- v :
-
Drilling speed
- θ :
-
The contact angle between the rock and the drill bit
- w :
-
Rotational speed
- W :
-
Contact stress
- t :
-
Tangential stress
- R:
-
The radius of the drill bit
- ρ :
-
The ratio of the inner and outer radii of the drill bit
- W c :
-
The friction component of contact stress
- t c :
-
The friction component of tangential stress
- W f :
-
The cutting component of contact stress
- t f :
-
The cutting component of tangential stress
- σ 0 :
-
The normal stress in the crushing zone
- τ 0 :
-
The shear stress in the crushing zone
- φ' :
-
The friction angle between the crushing zone and the intact rock
- E 0 :
-
The intercept of the W–t relationship curve
- S :
-
Drilling strength
- E :
-
Drilling specific energy
- K :
-
The softening coefficient of the drilling
- S s :
-
The drilling strength of dry rocks
- E s :
-
The drilling specific energy of dry rocks
References
Antoljak D, Kuhinek D, Korman T, Kujundžić T (2023) Research on interdependence between specific rock cutting energy and specific drilling energy. Appl Sci 13:2280. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13042280
Aydin G (2014) Modeling of energy consumption based on economic and demographic factors: The case of Turkey with projections. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 35:382–389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.04.004
Aydin G (2015a) The application of trend analysis for coal demand modeling. Energy Sources Part B Econ Plan Policy 10:183–191. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567249.2013.813611
Aydin G (2015b) The modeling and projection of primary energy consumption by the sources. Energy Sources Part B Econ Plan Policy 10:67–74. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567249.2013.771716
Aydin G (2015c) Regression models for forecasting global oil production. Pet Sci Technol 33:1822–1828. https://doi.org/10.1080/10916466.2015.1101474
Chen J, Wang W, Chen L (2023) A strain hardening and softening constitutive model for hard brittle rocks. Appl Sci 13:2764. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13052764
Cheng Z, Li G, Huang Z et al (2019) Analytical modelling of rock cutting force and failure surface in linear cutting test by single PDC cutter. J Pet Sci Eng 177:306–316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2018.09.023
Cui Z, Sheng Q, Luo Q, Zhang G (2021) Investigating the anisotropy of mechanical parameters of schist rock with practical numerical methods. Sustainability 13:725. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020725
Cui J, Hou Y, Xie S et al (2023) Analysis and verification of stress and plastic zone in surrounding rocks of hydraulic flushing borehole based on strain-softening. Geomech Geophys Geo-Energy Geo-Resour 9:64. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40948-023-00613-4
Deng L-C, Li X-Z, Xu W et al (2022) Integrated monitoring of lithology parameters while drilling in small-scale coring platform. Rock Mech Rock Eng 55:7269–7288. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-022-02998-2
Detournay E (2016) Mechanics of hydraulic fractures. Annu Rev Fluid Mech 48:311–339. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-fluid-010814-014736
Detournay E (2020) Slickwater hydraulic fracturing of shales. J Fluid Mech 886:F1. https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2019.1023
Detournay E, Richard T, Shepherd M (2008) Drilling response of drag bits: theory and experiment. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 45:1347–1360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2008.01.010
Ding W, Tan S, Zhu R et al (2021) Study on the damage process and numerical simulation of tunnel excavation in water-rich soft rock. Appl Sci 11:8906. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11198906
Doshvarpassand S, Richard T, Mostofi M (2017) Effect of groove geometry and cutting edge in rock cutting. J Pet Sci Eng 151:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2017.01.023
Gao H, Wang Q, Jiang B et al (2021) Relationship between rock uniaxial compressive strength and digital core drilling parameters and its forecast method. Int J Coal Sci Technol 8:605–613. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40789-020-00383-4
Gunes B, Karatosun S, Gunes O (2023) Drilling resistance testing combined with SonReb methods for nondestructive estimation of concrete strength. Constr Build Mater 362:129700. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.129700
Guo H, He M, Sun C et al (2012) Hydrophilic and strength-softening characteristics of calcareous shale in deep mines. J Rock Mech Geotech Eng 4:344–351. https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1235.2012.00344
He MM, Pang F, Wang HT et al (2020) Energy dissipation-based method for strength determination of rock under uniaxial compression. Shock Vib 2020:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8865958
He M, Wang H, Ma C et al (2023a) Evaluating the anisotropy of drilling mechanical characteristics of rock in the process of digital drilling. Rock Mech Rock Eng 56:3659–3677. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-023-03242-1
He M, Wang J, Yuan Z et al (2023b) Anisotropy on the ductile-to-brittle transition for rock in process of drilling. Acta Geophys. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11600-023-01017-4
He M, Zhou J, Li P et al (2023c) Novel approach to predicting the spatial distribution of the hydraulic conductivity of a rock mass using convolutional neural networks. Q J Eng Geol Hydrogeol. https://doi.org/10.1144/qjegh2021-169
Huang S, Xia K, Yan F, Feng X (2010) An experimental study of the rate dependence of tensile strength softening of Longyou sandstone. Rock Mech Rock Eng 43:677–683. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-010-0083-8
Kalantari S, Hashemolhosseini H, Baghbanan A (2018) Estimating rock strength parameters using drilling data. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 104:45–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2018.02.013
Kang Z, Zhao Y, Yang D (2020) Review of oil shale in-situ conversion technology. Appl Energy 269:115121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.115121
Li G, Qi C, Sun Y et al (2017) Experimental study on the softening characteristics of sandstone and mudstone in relation to moisture content. Shock Vib 2017:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/4010376
Liu He, Cui Z (2019) Effects of different temperatures on the softening of red-bed sandstone in turbulent flow. J Mar Sci Eng 7:355. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7100355
Liu Z, He X, Fan J, Zhou C (2019a) Study on the softening mechanism and control of red-bed soft rock under seawater conditions. J Mar Sci Eng 7:235. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7070235
Liu Z, He X, Zhou C (2019b) Influence mechanism of different flow patterns on the softening of red-bed soft rock. J Mar Sci Eng 7:155. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7050155
Liu F, Yang L, Jia H (2021a) Variation in anisotropy with dehydration in layered sandstone. Water 13:2224. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13162224
Liu S, Cai G, Hong B et al (2021b) A stochastic approach to soil-rock slope stability analysis considering soil softening of contact zone. Soil Mech Found Eng 58:383–390. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11204-021-09755-7
Liu W, Hu H, Zhu X et al (2022) Investigation on the tool-rock interaction using an extended grain-based model. KSCE J Civ Eng 26:2992–3006. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-022-2197-4
Mostofi M, Richard T, Franca L, Yalamanchi S (2018) Wear response of impregnated diamond bits. Wear 410–411:34–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2018.04.010
Munoz H, Taheri A, Chanda E (2016a) Rock cutting characteristics on soft-to-hard rocks under different cutter inclinations. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 87:85–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2016.05.014
Munoz H, Taheri A, Chanda EK (2016b) Rock drilling performance evaluation by an energy dissipation based rock brittleness index. Rock Mech Rock Eng 49:3343–3355. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-016-0986-0
Munoz H, Taheri A, Chanda E (2017) Rock cutting performance assessment using strain energy characteristics of rocks. Min Technol 126:191–199
Nogueira R, Ferreira Pinto AP, Gomes A (2014) Assessing mechanical behavior and heterogeneity of low-strength mortars by the drilling resistance method. Constr Build Mater 68:757–768. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.07.010
Rostamsowlat I, Richard T, Evans B (2018) An experimental study of the effect of back rake angle in rock cutting. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 107:224–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2018.04.046
Rostamsowlat I, Richard T, Evans B (2019) Experimental investigation on the effect of wear flat inclination on the cutting response of a blunt tool in rock cutting. Acta Geotech 14:519–534. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-018-0674-1
Rostamsowlat I, Evans B, Sarout J et al (2022) Determination of internal friction angle of rocks using scratch test with a blunt PDC cutter. Rock Mech Rock Eng 55:7859–7880. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-022-03037-w
Sakız U, Aydın H, Yaralı O (2022) Investigation of the rock drilling performance of rotary core drilling. Bull Eng Geol Environ 81:24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-021-02534-6
Saroglou C, Qi S, Guo S, Wu F (2019) ARMR, a new classification system for the rating of anisotropic rock masses. Bull Eng Geol Environ 78:3611–3626. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-018-1369-4
Shen B, Siren T, Rinne M (2015) Modelling fracture propagation in anisotropic rock mass. Rock Mech Rock Eng 48:1067–1081. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-014-0621-x
Shen Q, Wang Y, Cao R, Liu Y (2022) Efficiency evaluation of a percussive drill rig using rate-energy ratio based on rock drilling tests. J Pet Sci Eng 217:110873. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2022.110873
Song L, Cho C, Lu S, Liao H (2008) Study on softening constitutive model of soft rock using strain space based unified strength theory. Int J Mod Phys B 22:5375–5380. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0217979208050528
Song C, Chung J, Cho J-S, Nam Y-J (2018) Optimal design parameters of a percussive drilling system for efficiency improvement. Adv Mater Sci Eng 2018:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/2346598
Song H, Shi H, Yuan G et al (2022) Experimental study of the energy transfer efficiency and rock fragmentation characteristics in percussive drilling. Geothermics 105:102497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2022.102497
Sun Z, Zhang D, Fang Q et al (2022) Analytical solutions for deep tunnels in strain-softening rocks modeled by different elastic strain definitions with the unified strength theory. Sci China Technol Sci 65:2503–2519. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11431-022-2158-9
Sun X, Shi F, Luan Z et al (2023) Constitutive model and microscopic mechanism for sandstone strength softening damage. Rock Mech Rock Eng 56:797–813. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-022-03096-z
Wang H, He M (2023) Determining method of tensile strength of rock based on friction characteristics in the drilling process. Rock Mech Rock Eng 56:4211–4227. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-023-03276-5
Wang Q, Gao H, Jiang B et al (2018a) Relationship model for the drilling parameters from a digital drilling rig versus the rock mechanical parameters and its application. Arab J Geosci 11:357. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-018-3715-z
Wang Q, Gao S, Jiang B et al (2018b) Rock-cutting mechanics model and its application based on slip-line theory. Int J Geomech 18:04018025. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0001136
Wang J, Wang Y, Li S, Yang L (2020a) Strength softening characteristics of shale clay mineral expansion. Chem Technol Fuels Oils 56:300–311. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10553-020-01139-1
Wang Q, Gao H, Jiang B et al (2020b) Development and application of a multifunction true triaxial rock drilling test system. J Test Eval 48:3450–3467. https://doi.org/10.1520/JTE20170740
Wang Z, Du J, Wu S et al (2020c) Water softening mechanism and strength model for saturated carbonaceous mudstone in Panzhihua Airport, China. Adv Civ Eng 2020:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8874201
Wang H, He M, Pang F et al (2021) Energy dissipation-based method for brittleness evolution and yield strength determination of rock. J Pet Sci Eng 200:108376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2021.108376
Wang H, He M, Zhang Z, Zhu J (2022) Determination of the constant mi in the Hoek-Brown criterion of rock based on drilling parameters. Int J Min Sci Technol 32:747–759. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmst.2022.06.002
Wang H, He M, Zhao J et al (2023) Cutting energy characteristics for brittleness evaluation of rock using digital drilling method. Eng Geol 319:107099. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2023.107099
Warren TM, Armagost WK (1988) Laboratory drilling performance of PDC bits. SPE Drill Eng 3:125–135. https://doi.org/10.2118/15617-PA
Xia C, Lu G, Bai D et al (2020) Sensitivity analyses of the seepage and stability of layered rock slope based on the anisotropy of hydraulic conductivity: a case study in the Pulang region of Southwestern China. Water 12:2314. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12082314
Yan B, Wang P, Ren F et al (2020) A review of mechanical properties and constitutive theory of rock mass anisotropy. Arab J Geosci 13:487. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-020-05536-y
Yan T, Xu R, Sun W et al (2021) Similarity evaluation of stratum anti-drilling ability and a new method of drill bit selection. Pet Explor Dev 48:450–459. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1876-3804(21)60036-8
Yang L, Shi F, Zheng X et al (2020) Water vapor adsorption and main controlling factors of deep shale. Chem Technol Fuels Oils 56:429–440. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10553-020-01154-2
Yang B, He M, Zhang Z et al (2022) A new criterion of strain rockburst in consideration of the plastic zone of tunnel surrounding rock. Rock Mech Rock Eng 55:1777–1789. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-021-02725-3
Yu B, Zhang K, Niu G, Xue X (2021) Real-time rock strength determination based on rock drillability index and drilling specific energy: an experimental study. Bull Eng Geol Environ 80:3589–3603. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-021-02154-0
Yue X, Yue Z, Yan Y et al (2023) Sensitivity analysis and rock strength prediction study of rotary drilling with drilling parameters. Geoenergy Sci Eng 230:212169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoen.2023.212169
Zhang Q, Fan X, Chen P et al (2020) Geomechanical behaviors of shale after water absorption considering the combined effect of anisotropy and hydration. Eng Geol 269:105547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2020.105547
Zhang Y, Cao Z, Shi X (2021) Study on the water-physical properties of the cement-plaster bonded rock-like materials. Adv Civ Eng 2021:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8863064
Zhang J, Wang Y, Yao B et al (2022) Investigation of deep shaft-surrounding rock support technology based on a post-peak strain-softening model of rock mass. Appl Sci 12:253. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12010253
Zhao C, Chen B (2014) China’s oil security from the supply chain perspective: a review. Appl Energy 136:269–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.09.016
Zhu X, He L, Liu W et al (2022) The mechanism of particle impact-assisted rock cutting in hard brittle granite. Arab J Sci Eng 47:11915–11928. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-022-06723-7
Ziabakhsh-Ganji Z, Nick HM, Donselaar ME, Bruhn DF (2018) Synergy potential for oil and geothermal energy exploitation. Appl Energy 212:1433–1447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.12.113
Acknowledgements
This study is sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grants No. 42177158 and 11902249), Key Research and Development project of Shaanxi Province (No. 2022SF-412). Opening fund of State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection (Chengdu University of Technology (Grants No. SKLGP2022K005). The financial support provided by this sponsor is greatly appreciated.
Funding
National Natural Science Foundation of China, 42177158, Mingming He, 11902249, Mingming He.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Ethical Approval
The authors declare compliance with ethical standards.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Ding, M., He, M. Effect of Water-Induced Rock Softening on Rock Anisotropy During Drilling Process. Rock Mech Rock Eng (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-024-03976-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-024-03976-6