Abstract
In the southern Sichuan Basin of China (SSBC), hydraulic fracturing (HF) production of shale gas and surface buildings have been seriously affected by some medium scale (local magnitude ML > 4.0) earthquake events. In this study, focusing on relocated hypocenters in SSBC from January 2016 to May 2017, the Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise algorithm was introduced to divide it into four seismic regions. The temporal evolution of seismicity parameters, detailed views of potential faults near injection wells and spatial migration of seismic activity in each region were obtained. Moreover, the statistical correlation between seismicity and engineering disturbance was calculated by adopting epidemic type aftershock sequence model (ETAS); the relationship between corner frequency, stress drop and seismic moment of each region were analyzed, and the spatial distribution of the stress drop, the relationship with the focal mechanism solutions (ML > 3.5) and the fault slip-tendency under the regional stress pattern were discussed. The results show that the seismic diffusion rate of each region can be well described by the square root envelope (0.3–0.8 m2/s) and seismicity has a strong cluster mode (triggered events) and a weak background mode (independent events). Most (more than 97.5%) of the stress drops are in the range of 0.1–10 MPa, and the high stress drops is mainly located in the YS108 shale block; under the current regional stress pattern, the faults in region YS108 are unfavorablely oriented, while those in the south of N201 are favorablely oriented, with a high sliding trend. This knowledge may provide time to take mitigating actions to reduce the potential for damaging earthquakes.
Highlights
-
Spatial clustering in SSBC based on DBSCAN algorithm and the relocated hypocenters associated with hydraulic fracturing, and the spatiotemporal migration characteristics are analyzed.
-
Focal mechanisms indicate different fault planes, matching well with relocated hypocenters
-
Statistical relationship between source parameters (corner frequency, stress drop, seismic moment, etc.) and regional variations
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Discuss the slip-tendency of potential faults in various regions under inversion of current stress pattern
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Abbreviations
- HF:
-
Hydraulic fracturing
- SSBC:
-
Southern Sichuan Basin of China
- M :
-
Magnitude
- M s :
-
Surface wave magnitude
- M w :
-
Moment magnitude
- M L :
-
Local magnitude
- DBSCAN:
-
Density based spatial clustering of applications with noise
- ETAS:
-
Epidemic type aftershock sequence
- HypoDD:
-
Hypocenter double-difference
- Eps :
-
Search radius
- FCM:
-
Fuzzy C-means
- D v :
-
Seismic difusivity
- P v :
-
Pore-pressure
- r v :
-
Distance from the event location to the relevant seed point
- λ 0 (t):
-
Forcing rate
- M i, M c :
-
The magnitude and minimum complete magnitude
- K 0, c, α and p :
-
Empirical parameters of ETAS
- AIC:
-
Akaike information criterion
- a :
-
Constant of historical seismic activity level
- n e :
-
Smoothing parameter of ETAS
- f.s.:
-
The total fraction of forced seismicity
- SD:
-
Standard deviation
- Ω 0 :
-
Long period spectral amplitude
- Q :
-
Quality factor
- M 0 :
-
Seismic moment
- f c :
-
Corner frequency
- Δσ :
-
Stress drop
- r :
-
Source radius
- ρ :
-
Density
- c 0 :
-
Velocity for S wave
- R :
-
Hypocentral distance
- Uϕθ :
-
Mean radiation pattern
- d :
-
Friction slip vector
- m :
-
Vector of stress tensor
- T s :
-
Fault slip tendency
- μ :
-
Friction coefficient
- l, m,n :
-
Given direction cosines
- s 1, s 2 and s 3 :
-
Principal stress coordinate system
- σ 1 :
-
Maximum principal stress
- σ 2 :
-
Intermediate principal stress
- σ 3 :
-
Minimum principal stress
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Acknowledgements
This research was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. U20A20266, 12302503) and Scientific and technological research projects in Sichuan province (Grant No. 2023ZYD0154). Acknowledgement for the data support from "China Earthquake Networks Center, National Earthquake Data Center (http://data.earthquake.cn) and Sichuan Earthquake Administration".
Funding
This study was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. U20A20266, 12302503) and Scientific and technological research projects in Sichuan province (Grant No. 2023ZYD0154).
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Jingjing Dai: conceptualization, formal analysis, validation, writing—original draft. Jianfeng Liu: funding acquisition, supervision. Changwu Liu: supervision, writing—review and editing. Jianxiong Yang: methodology, supervision, writing—review and editing. Fujun Xue: methodology, investigation. Yifan Tang: investigation. Junjie Liu: investigation. Dehang Liu: investigation. Shigui Dai: investigation.
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The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Data and Resources
The earthquake catalog was provided by the China Earthquake Data Center (CEDC, http://data.earthquake.cn). Phase data were provided by Sichuan Earthquake Administration. The locations of HF wells were derived from a public report (http://www.doc88.com/p-6911574629897.html). The maps and plots were created using the free software GeoTaos_map. The clustering results were calculated by Python.
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Dai, J., Liu, J., Liu, C. et al. Regional Characteristics of Seismicity Associated with Hydraulic Fracturing in the Southern Sichuan Basin of China. Rock Mech Rock Eng (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-024-03891-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-024-03891-w