Abstract
The shear mechanical properties are the important factors affecting the failure of rock mass. At present, tests measuring the shear mechanical behavior characteristics of rocks under three-dimensional stress are rare. In particular, the influence of lateral stress on the shear failure mechanism of rock is less often considered. The true triaxial test device was used to conduct direct shear, true triaxial stress shear, and confining shear tests under three-dimensional states of stress. Through the three different types of shear tests, the deformation, failure modes, strength, and surface roughness of sandstone were investigated. Focusing on the acoustic emission (AE) characteristics during the failure of sandstone specimens, the influences of lateral stress on the shear failure mechanism of sandstone under true triaxial stress were studied. The test results show that lateral stress can increase the peak strength and residual strength of sandstone, significantly affecting its lateral deformation. Under high normal stress, the weaker the lateral restraint on the rock, the more severe the lateral deformation failure. The analysis found that lateral stress increased the compressive compactness of the mineral particles inside the sandstone and the occlusal hinge strength of the particles. It also restricts the lateral deformation of the sandstone and the germination of the number of internal cracks. Crack propagation is also accelerated under the combined action of high normal stress and lateral stress.
Highlights
-
Direct shear, true triaxial shear and confining shear tests on sandstone specimens were carried out using true triaxial test device.
-
Through the different types of shear tests, the strength, deformation, JRC and failure modes of sandstone were investigated.
-
Focusing on the AE characteristics, the influences of lateral stress on the shear failure mechanism of sandstone were studied.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Data availability
The AE monitoring data and the shear test data during the study are available from the corresponding author by request.
References
Aydan Ö, Akagi T, Okuda H et al (1994) The cyclic shear behaviour of interfaces of rock anchors and its effect on the long-term behaviour of rock anchors. In: Int symp on new developments in rock mechanics and rock engineering, Shenyang, pp 15–22
Aydan Ö, Tokashiki N, Tomiyama J et al (2016) The development of a servo-control testing machine for dynamic shear testing of rock discontinuities and soft rocks. In: EUROCK2016, Ürgüp, pp 791–796
Aydan Ö (2020) Rock mechanics and rock engineering, volume 1: fundamentals. CRC Press, London
Bahaaddini M (2017) Effect of boundary condition on the shear behavior of rock joints in the direct shear test. Rock Mech Rock Eng 50:1141–1155. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-016-1157-z
Barton N (1973) Review of a new shear-strength criterion for rock joints. Eng Geol 7:287–332. https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-7952(73)90013-6
Cai Y (2022) Study on roughness evaluation of rock mass surface and estimation method of peak shear strength. J Rock Mech Eng (03):648.1092
Cen D, Huang D (2017) Direct shear tests of sandstone under constant normal tensile stress condition using a simple auxiliary device. Rock Mech Rock Eng 50:1425–1438. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-017-1179-1
Chen SJ, Zhu WC, Wang JC et al (2017) Research progress on quantitative characterization of roughness coefficient of rock structure surface. J Mech 49(02):239–256
Feng XT, Zhao J, Zhang XW et al (2018) A novel true triaxial apparatus for studying the time-dependent behavior of hard rocks under high stress. Rock Mech Rock Eng 51(9):2653–2667. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-018-1516-z
Gong F, Luo S, Lin G et al (2020) Evaluation of shear strength parameters of rocks by preset angle shear, direct shear and triaxial compression tests. Rock Mech Rock Eng 53:2505–2519. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-020-02050-1
He MC, Miao JL, Feng JL (2010) Rock burst process of limestone and its acoustic emission characteristics under true-triaxial unloading conditions. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 47(2):286–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2009.09.003
Huang D, Zhu T (2019) Experimental study on the shear mechanical behavior of sandstone under normal tensile stress using a new double-shear testing device. Rock Mech Rock Eng 52:3467–3474. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-019-01762-3
Huang M, Hong C, Du S-G et al (2020a) Experimental technology for the shear strength of the series-scale rock joint model. Rock Mech Rock Eng 53:5677–5695. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-020-02241-w
Huang M, Hong CJ, Du SG et al (2020b) Study on rock structural surface morphology classification method and two-level roughness characteristics. J Rock Mech Eng 39(06):1153–1164
Huang D, Guo YQ, Cen DF et al (2020c) Experimental investigation on shear mechanical behavior of sandstone containing a pre-existing flaw under unloading normal stress with constant shear stress. Rock Mech Rock Eng 53:3779–3792. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-020-02136-w
Jiang YJ, Zhang S, Lu H et al (2020) Experimental study on shear characteristics of anchored jointed rock mass under constant normal stiffness boundary conditions. J Rock Mech Eng 40(04):663–675
Jang HS, Kang SS, Jang BA (2014) Determination of joint roughness coefficients using roughness parameters. Rock Mech Rock Eng 47(6):2061–2073
Li X, Du K, Li D (2015) True triaxial strength and failure modes of cubic rock specimens with unloading the minor principal stress. Rock Mech Rock Eng 48(6):2185–2196. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-014-0701-y
Meng F, Wong LNY, Zhou H et al (2019) Shear rate effects on the post-peak shear behaviour and acoustic emission characteristics of artificially split granite joints. Rock Mech Rock Eng 52:2155–2174. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-018-1722-8
Tang ZC, Wong LNY (2016) Influences of normal loading rate and shear velocity on the shear behavior of artificial rock joints. Rock Mech Rock Eng 49:2165–2172. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-015-0822-y
Tang CC, Xia CC, Xiao SG (2011) Shear stress-displacement intrinsic model of joints and analysis of shear expansion phenomenon. J Rock Mech Eng 30(05):917–992
Tatone BSA, Grasselli GA (2010) New 2D discontinuity roughness parameter and its correlation with JRC. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 47(8):1391–1400
Wang JJ, Liu MN, Jian FX et al (2019) Mechanical behaviors of a sandstone and mudstone under loading and unloading conditions. Environ Earth Sci 78:30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-018-8020-3
Wang FL, Wang SH, Yao W et al (2022) Effect of roughness on the shear behavior of rock joints subjected to impact loading. J Rock Mech Geotech Eng. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2022.04.011
Wu X, Jiang Y, Gong B et al (2019) Shear performance of rock joint reinforced by fully encapsulated rock bolt under cyclic loading condition. Rock Mech Rock Eng 52:2681–2690. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-018-1698-4
Yang SQ, Jing HW, Wang SY (2012) Experimental investigation on the strength, deformability, failure behavior and acoustic emission locations of red sandstone under triaxial compression. Rock Mech Rock Eng 45:583–606. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-011-0208-8
Yang B, Jiang Q, Feng XT et al (2022) Shear testing on rock tunnel models under constant normal stress conditions. J Rock Mech Geotech Eng 14(6):1722–1736. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2022.02.006
Yong R, Ye J, Liang QF et al (2018) Estimation of the joint roughness coefficient (JRC) of rock joints by vector similarity measures. Bull Eng Geol Environ 77:735–749. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-016-0947-6
Yu XB, Vayssade B (1991) Joint profiles and their roughness parameters. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 28(4):333–336. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(91)90598-G
Zhang Y, Jiang YJ (2020) Shear behavior and acoustic emission characteristics of en-echelon joints under constant normal stiffness conditions. Theor Appl Fract Mech 109(102772):0167–8442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tafmec.2020.102772
Zhao Z, Peng H, Wu W et al (2018) Characteristics of shear-induced asperity degradation of rock fractures and implications for solute retardation. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 105:53–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2018.03.012
Zhong Z, Huang D, Zhang Y et al (2020) Experimental study on the effects of unloading normal stress on shear mechanical behaviors of sandstone containing a parallel fissure pair. Rock Mech Rock Eng 53:1647–1663. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-019-01997-0
Acknowledgements
The authors gratefully acknowledge financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 52209125), the 111Project (No. B17009) and the Open Fund of State Key Laboratory of Mining-induced Response and Disaster Prevention and Control in Deep Coal Mines (Grant No. SKLMRDPC21KF10). We are particularly grateful for the kind assistance provided by Mr. Mengfei Jiang.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest as far as the authors are concerned.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zhao, J., Hu, L., Feng, X. et al. Shear Failure Mechanisms of Sandstone Subjected to Direct, True Triaxial and Confining Shear Test Conditions. Rock Mech Rock Eng 56, 6889–6903 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-023-03410-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-023-03410-3