Abstract
Intensive farming practices that implement deep and frequent tillage, high input inorganic fertilization, cultivation with non-host species, and pesticide use are widely reported to be detrimental for arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), which are one of the most important plant biofertilizers. The effect of the reduction of agricultural input on AMF community dynamics following conversion from conventional non-mycorrhizal to lower input mycorrhizal crop cultivation has not yet been fully elucidated. We investigated the effect of the reduction of agricultural input, rotation, and season on AMF communities in winter wheat field soil after conversion from long-term (more than 20 years) non-mycorrhizal (sugar beet) crop cultivation. We described AMF communities from bulk soil samples by specifically targeting the 18S ribosomal gene using a combination of AMF specific primers and 454 pyrosequencing. No effect was found after 3 years’ reduction of agricultural input, and only marginal effects were due to rotation with specific crops preceding winter wheat. Instead, season and year of sampling had the most appreciable influence on the AMF community. We suggest that, after conversion from long-term non-mycorrhizal to mycorrhizal crop cultivation, AMF diversity is low if compared to similar agroecosystems. Seasonal and successional dynamics play an important role as determinants of community structure.
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Acknowledgements
In particular, this on-station field experiment was developed in the Work Package 10, Task 10.1, specifically aimed at investigating the response of soil biota to changes in soil management strategy. A special thanks to Xavier Pinochet and his staff at Terres Inovia (ex-CETIOM) for the management of the experimental field and the assistance during sampling and to Joeke Postma for the coordination of Task 10.1. We also thank Graham Begg, Maurizio Sattin, and the soil biota group: Aad Termorshuizen, Mirjam Schilder, Kornelia Smalla, and Holger Heuer. We are grateful to Stefano Ghignone for the bioinformatics help he has provided. We are grateful to the editor and the anonymous reviewers for their useful comments and suggestions on previous version of the manuscript.
Funding
The present study falls within the framework of the Large Collaborative Project PURE funded by the European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013), under the grant agreement FP7-265865.
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Supplementary Material 1
Detailed list of agricultural practices that were adopted for the conventional and innovative regimes from the beginning of crop rotation (2010-2011) to the last year of sampling (2012-2013). The list shows fertilizer, herbicide, growth regulator, fungicide, and insecticide treatments that have been applied in succession. Harvest yield is also reported. Abbreviation: WOSR – Winter oilseed rape. (DOCX 29 kb)
Supplementary Material 2
Experimental design displaying the rotation scheme for the 36 plots treated with high or low agricultural inputs (see Supplementary Material 1 for the description of agricultural practices). Dashed lines indicate winter wheat plots in which sampling was conducted in autumn and spring. (PNG 600 kb)
Supplementary Material 3
Graphs showing total precipitation and monthly average temperature at the nearest (~15 km) meteorological station of Épinoy. Dashed lines show the gap between the first (red line) and the second year of sampling (green line). (PNG 277 kb)
Supplementary Material 4
Individual rarefaction curves for all the soil samples computed before the subsampling step. (XLSX 24 kb)
Supplementary Material 5
OTU table showing the number of subsampling units, the distribution, and the identity of each OTU. AMF order, family, genus or clade, species, and virtual taxon were assigned according to the taxonomy of the closest Blastn hit, for which accession code, identity, and coverage are reported. (PNG 165 kb)
Supplementary Material 6
Stacked barplots representing AMF genus/clade differential abundance in response to the year of cultivation (Y1 for 2011-12 and Y2 for 2012-13) species of preceding crop (SB for sugar beet and WOSR for winter oilseed rape), cropping system implemented (CONV for conventional and INNO for innovative), and season of sampling (AUT for autumn and SPR for spring). AMF genus/clade abbreviations: DIV – Diversispora, FUN – Funneliformis/Septoglomus, GLO – Glomus sensu lato, SCU – Scutellospora, RHI – Rhizophagus/Sclerocystis, AMB – Ambispora, PAR – Paraglomus, ARC – Archaeospora. (PNG 487 kb)
Supplementary Material 7
List of indicator OTUs for the specific levels of the year of cultivation and season factors. Indval is an indicator value that combines specificity and fidelity of species towards certain habitats (with Indval = 1 indicating a species that is always and exclusively found under specific conditions). Abbreviation: VT – Virtual Taxon. (DOCX 58 kb)
Supplementary Material 8
AMF colonization levels (F%, frequency; M%, intensity; A%; presence of arbuscules) calculated according to Trouvelot et al. (1986) of winter wheat roots (from a minimum of 40 to a maximum of 220 1 cm fragments per factor level combination) at the first and second year of cultivation (spring samplings). Bars report standard deviations for each mean value. (PNG 221 kb)
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Berruti, A., Bianciotto, V. & Lumini, E. Seasonal variation in winter wheat field soil arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus communities after non-mycorrhizal crop cultivation. Mycorrhiza 28, 535–548 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-018-0845-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-018-0845-9