Abstract
The Nagaland–Manipur Hill Ophiolite (NMHO) is an NNE-SSW trending linear ophiolite zone exposed in the northeastern states of Nagaland and Manipur in India. Basaltic rocks of NMHO are geochemically divisible into two broad groups in the Zr/Ti versus Nb/Y classification diagram. Samples with TiO2 < 2 wt% and Zr = 38–118 ppm plot within the basalt field, whereas samples with TiO2 > 2 wt% plot within the alkali basalt field. The latter can be subdivided into the alkali basalt group-1 (AB-1) with Zr = ~ 200 ppm and the alkali basalt group-2 (AB-2) with Zr = ~ 400 ppm. In a normal mid-ocean ridge basalt (N-MORB) normalized trace element pattern, basalt displays a near-horizontal trend from Lu to Pr at rock/N-MORB = ~ 1 and then increases slightly from Pr to Rb, whereas alkali basalt is relatively more enriched than basalt. In the chondrite-normalized rare earth element (REE) pattern, basalt displays near-horizontal trends with (La/Yb)CN ranging between 0.78 and 1.89. On the other hand, alkali basalt displays parallel and steadily increasing enrichment trends from Lu to La [(La/Yb)CN = 11.07–17.61], with a slight drop at Eu and Sm. Mantle melting models suggest: (1) partial melting of N-MORB-like sources at degrees of melting (F) = 4–8% for basalts; and (2) partial melting of ocean island basalt (OIB)-like sources at F = 7.5–17.8% for alkali basalt. Occurrences of basalts with N-MORB-like and and alkali basalt with OIB-like signatures within the NMHO complex suggest their origin from distinct magma batches with direct or indirect involvement of the Kerguelen plume.
Graphical abstract
Chondrite normalised pattern for elements Nb, Zr and REE showing estimated compositions of source S1 and residue R1 for alkali basalt (estimated using DMI modeling) and source S2 for basalt (estimated using NBM modeling) in this study. DMM and OIB (Workman and Hart 2005) values are also shown for comparison. Average abyssal peridotite value is from Niu (2004) database.
Similar content being viewed by others
Availability of data and materials
All data presented in the text of the article are fully available without restriction from authors upon request. Code availability is not applicable.
References
Abdullah S, Misra S, Ghosh B (2018) Melt–rock interaction and fractional crystallisation in the Moho transition Zone: evidence from the cretaceous Naga Hills Ophiolite, North-East India. Lithos 322:197–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2018.10.012
Abdullah S, Misra S, Sarvesha R, Ghosh B (2020) Resurfacing of deeply buried oceanic crust in Naga Hills Ophiolite, North-East India: petrofabric, microstructure and seismic properties. J Struct Geol 139:104141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2020.104141
Acharyya SK (2010) Tectonic evolution of Indo-Burma Range with special reference to Naga-Manipur Hills. In: Ibotombi S (ed) Indo-Myanmar Ranges in the Tectonic Framework of the Himalaya and Southeast Asia. Mem. Geol. Surv. India., no 75, pp 25–43
Acharyya SK, Roy DK, Ghosh SC (1986) Stratigraphy and emplacement history of the Naga Hills ophiolite, northern Indo-Burmese Range. 11th Ind Colloq Micropal Strat Bull Geol Min Metall Soc India 54:1–17
Acharyya SK, Ray KK, Roy DK (1989) Tectono-stratigraphy and emplacement history of the ophiolite assemblage from the Naga Hills and Andaman Island arc, India. J Geol Soc India 33:4–18
Aitchison JC, Ao A, Bhowmik S, Clarke GL, Ireland TR, Kachovich S, Lokho K, Stojanovic D, Roeder T, Truscott N, Zhen YZ (2019) Tectonic evolution of the western margin of the Burma microplate based on new fossil and radiometric age constraints. Tectonics 38(5):1718–1741. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018TC005049
Aldanmaz E, Pearce JA, Thirlwall MF, Mitchell JG (2000) Petrogenetic evolution of late Cenozoic, post-collision volcanism in western Anatolia, Turkey. J Volcanol Geoth Res 102:67–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(00)00182-7
Aldanmaz E, Koprubasi N, Gurer ÖF, Kaymakci N, Gourgaud A (2006) Geochemical constraints on the Cenozoic, OIB-type alkaline volcanic rocks of NW Turkey: implications for mantle sources and melting processes. Lithos 86(1–2):50–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2005.04.003
Allegre CJ, Turcotte DL (1985) Geodynamic mixing in the mesosphere boundary layer and the origin of oceanic islands. Geophys Res Lett 12(4):207–210. https://doi.org/10.1029/GL012i004p00207
Ao A, Satyanarayanan M (2021) Petrogenesis of mantle peridotite and cumulate peridotite rocks from the Nagaland Ophiolite Complex, NE India. Geol J. https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.4314
Ao A, Bhowmik SK, Upadhyay D (2020) P-T-melt/fluid evolution of abyssal mantle peridotites from the Nagaland Ophiolite Complex, NE India. Geodynamic significance. Lithos 354–355:105344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2019.105344
Asadi S, Rajabzadeh MA (2014) Geochemistry, paragenesis, and wall-rock alteration of the qatruyeh iron deposits, southwest of Iran: implications for a hydrothermal-metasomatic genetic model. J Geol Res 2014:1–25. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/590540
Baker JA, Menzies MA, Thirlwall MF, MacPherson CG (1997) Petrogenesis of quaternary intraplate volcanism, Sana’a, Yemen: implications for plume-lithosphere interaction and polybaric melt hybridization. J Petrol 38(10):1359–1390. https://doi.org/10.1093/petroj/38.10.1359
Baksi AK, Barman TR, Raul DK, Farrar E (1987) Widespread early cretaceous flood basalt volcanism in eastern India: geochemical data from the Rajmahal–Bengal–Sylhet traps. Chem Geol 63:133–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(87)90080-5
Baxter AT, Aitchison JC, Zyabrev SV, Ali JR (2011) Upper Jurassic radiolarians from the Naga Ophiolite, Nagaland, northeast India. Gondwana Res 20(2–3):638–644. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2011.02.001
Beccaluva L, Macciotta G, Piccardo GB, Zeda O (1989) Clinopyroxene composition of ophiolite basalts as petrogenetic indicator. Chem Geol 77(3–4):165–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(89)90073-9
Bhattacharjee CC (1991) The ophiolites of northeast India—a subduction zone ophiolite complex of the Indo-Myanmar Orogenic belt. Tectonophysics 191:213–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(91)90057-Y
Bhowmik SK, Ao A (2016) Subduction initiation in the Neo-Tethys: constraints from counter clockwise P-T paths in amphibolite rocks of the Nagaland Ophiolite Complex, India. J Metamorph Geol 34(1):17–44. https://doi.org/10.1111/jmg.12169
Brunnschweiler RO (1966) On the geology of the Indo-Burman ranges. Aust J Earth Sci 13:137–194. https://doi.org/10.1080/00167616608728608
Chatterjee N, Ghose NC (2010) Metamorphic evolution of the Naga Hills eclogite and blueschist, Northeast India: implications for early subduction of the Indian plate under the Burma microplate. J Meta Geol 28:209–225. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1314.2009.00861.x
Chattopadhyay B, Venkataramana P, Roy DK, Bhattacharyya S, Ghosh S (1983) Geology of Naga Hills ophiolites. Rec Geol Surv India 112(2):59–115
Dahrén B, Troll V, Barker A, Meade FC, Holm PM, Søager N (2015) Plagioclase mineral chemistry in the Faroe Islands Basalt Group; an insight into magmatic processes. Ann Soc Scientarium Færoensis Supplementum LXIV:45–56
Daux V, Crovisier JL, Hemond C, Petit JC (1994) Geochemical evolution of basaltic rocks subjected to weathering: Fate of the major elements, rare earth elements, and thorium. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 58(22):4941–4954. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(94)90223-2
Devi LD, Singh NI (2011) Geochemical study of peridotites from the Manipur Ophiolite Complex, Northeast India with special reference to their PGE concentration. J Geol Soc India 77(3):273–279. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12594-011-0035-2
Dey A, Hussain MF, Barman MN (2018) Geochemical characteristics of mafic and ultramafic rocks from the Naga Hills Ophiolite, India: implications for petrogenesis. Geosci Front 9:517–529. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2017.05.006
Fareeduddin, Dilek Y (2015) Structure and petrology of the Nagaland–Manipur Hill Ophiolitic Mélange Zone, NE India: a fossil Tethyan subduction channel at the India-Burma Plate Boundary. Episodes 38:298–314. https://doi.org/10.18814/epiiugs/2015/v38i4/82426
Gale A, Dalton CA, Langmuir CH, Su Y, Schilling JG (2013) The mean composition of ocean ridge basalts. Geochem Geophy Geosyst 14:489–518. https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GC004334
Ghatak A, Basu AR (2011) Vestiges of the Kerguelen plume in the Sylhet Traps, northeastern India. Earth Planet Sci Lett 308(1–2):52–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2011.05.023
Ghose NC, Agrawal OP (1989) Geological framework of the central part of Naga Hills ophiolite, Nagaland. In: Ghose NC (ed) Phanerozoic ophiolites of India. Sumna Publishers, Patna, pp 165–188
Ghose NC, Agrawal OP, Singh RN (1986) Geochemistry of the ophiolite belt of Nagaland, NE India. In: Ghose NC, Varadarajan S (eds) Ophiolites and Indian Plate Margin. Sumna Publishers, Patna, pp 241–294
Ghose N, Chatterjee N, Fareeduddin (2014) A petrographic atlas of ophiolite: an example from the eastern India‐Asia collision zone. Springer, India, p 234. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-1569-1_3
Gündüz M, Asan K (2021) PetroGram: an excel-based petrology program for modeling of magmatic processes. Geosci Front 12(1):81–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2020.06.010
Hart R (1970) Chemical exchange between seawater and deep ocean basalt. Earth Planet Sci Lett 9:269–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(70)90037-3
Hart SR, Hauri EH, Oschmann LA, Whitehead JA (1992) Mantle plumes and entrainment: isotopic evidence. Science 256(5056):517–520. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.256.5056.51
Hirano N, Takahashi E, Yamamoto J, Abe N, Ingle SP, Kaneoka I, Kimura J, Hirata T, Ishii T, Ogawa Y, Machida S, Suyehiro K (2006) Volcanism in response to plate flexure. Science 313(5792):1426–1428
Hirose K, Kushiro I (1993) Partial melting of dry peridotites at high pressures: Determination of compositions of melts segregated from peridotite using aggregates of diamond. Earth Planet Sci Lett 114:477–489. https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821x(93)90077-m
Hofmann AW (1997) Mantle geochemistry: the message from oceanic volcanism. Nature 385(6613):219–229. https://doi.org/10.1038/385219a0
Hofmann AW, White WM (1982) Mantle plumes from ancient oceanic crust. Earth Planet Sci Lett 57(2):421–436. https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(82)90161-3
Hussain MF, Dey A (2022) Geochemical characteristics of mafic intrusive rocks from the Naga Hills Ophiolite, north-east India: constraints on petrogenesis and tectonic setting. Geol J 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.4567
Imchen W, Patil SK, Rino V, Thong GT, Pongen T, Rao BV (2015) Geochemistry, petrography and rock magnetism of the basalts of Phek district, Nagaland. Curr Sci 108(12):2240–2249
Imtisunep S, Krishnakanta Singh A, Bikramaditya RK, Khogenkumar S, Chaubey M, Kumar N (2022) Evidence of intraplate magmatism and subduction magmatism during the formation of Nagaland-Manipur Ophiolites, Indo-Myanmar Orogenic Belt, north-east India. Geol J. https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.4378
Islam MS, Meshesha D, Shinjo R (2014) Mantle source characterization of Sylhet Traps, northeastern India: a petrological and geochemical study. J Earth Syst Sci 123:1839–1855. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-014-0512-2
Keken PEV, Hauri E, Ballentine CJ (2002) Mantle mixing: the generation, preservation, and destruction of chemical heterogeneity. Annu Rev Earth Planet Sci 30:493–525. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.30.091201.141236
Kent W, Saunders AD, Kempton PD, Ghose NC (1997) Rajmahal Basalts, Eastern India: Mantle Sources and Melt Distribution at a Volcanic Rifted Margin. In: Mahoney JJ, Coffin MF (eds) Large Igneous Provinces: Continental, Oceanic, and Planetary Flood Volcanism. https://doi.org/10.1029/GM100p0145
Khogenkumar S, Singh AK, Singh LR, Bikramaditya RK, Khuman CM, Thakur SS (2016) Evidence of Mid-ocean ridge and shallow subduction forearc magmatism in the Nagaland–Manipur ophiolites, northeast India: constraints from mineralogy and geochemistry of gabbros and associated mafic dykes. Chem Erde 76(4):605–620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemer.2016.09.002
Khogenkumar S, Singh AK, Kumar S, Lakhan N, Chaubey M, Imtisunep S, Oinam G (2021) Subduction versus non-subduction origin of the Nagaland–Manipur Ophiolites along the Indo-Myanmar Orogenic Belt, northeast India: fact and fallacy. Geol J 56:1773–1794. https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.4030
Kingson O, Bhutani R, Dash JK, Sebastian S, Balakrishnan S (2017) Resolving the conundrum of the Manipur Ophiolite Complex, Indo-Myanmar range: constraints from Nd isotopic ratios and elemental concentrations in serpentinised peridotite. Chem Geol 460:117–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2017.04.021
Kingson O, Bhutani R, Balakrishnan S, Dash JK, Shukla AD (2019) Subduction-related Manipur Ophiolite Complex, Indo-Myanmar Ranges: elemental and isotopic record of mantle metasomatism. Geol Soc Spec Publ 481:195–210. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP481.9
Kumar R, Ahmad T, Saikia A (2022) P–T estimates for the fractionated and primary melt of tholeiitic dykes from Multai area of Deccan flood basalt, Madhya Pradesh (India). J Earth Syst Sci 131:104. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-022-01839-8
Langmuir CH, Bender JF, Bemce AE, Hanson GN, Taylor SR (1977) Petrogenesis of basalts from the FAMOUS-area, Mid-Atlantic ridge. Earth Planet Sci Lett 36:133–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(77)90194-7
Leterrier J, Maury RC, Thonon P, Girard D, Marchal M (1982) Clinopyroxene composition as a method of identification of the magmatic affinities of paleo-volcanic series. Earth Planet Sci Lett 59(1):139–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(82)90122-4
Liu F, Dilek Y, Xie Y, Yang J, Lian D (2018) Melt evolution of upper mantle peridotites and mafic dikes in the northern ophiolite belt of the western Yarlung Zangbo suture zone (southern Tibet). Lithosphere 10(1):109–132. https://doi.org/10.1130/L689.1
Lustrino M, Melluso L, Morra V (2002) The transition from alkaline to tholeiitic magmas: a case study from the Orosei-Dorgali Pliocene volcanic district (NE Sardinia, Italy). Lithos 63(1–2):83–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-4937(02)00113-5
Maaløe S (1994) Estimation of the degree of partial melting using concentration ratios. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 58:2519–2525. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(94)90028-0
McKenzie DP (1985) 230Th–238U disequilibrium and the melting processes beneath ridge axes. Earth Planet Sci Lett 72:149–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(85)90001-9
McKenzie D, O’Nions RK (1991) Partial melt distributions from inversion of rare earth element concentrations. J Petrol 32:1021–1091. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/32.5.1021
McKenzie D, O’Nions RK (1995) The source regions of oceanic island basalts. J Petrol 36(1):133–159
Morimoto N, Fabries J, Ferguson A, Ginzburg I, Ross M, Seifert F, Gottardi G (1988) Nomenclature of pyroxenes. Mineral Mag 52(367):535–550. https://doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1988.052.367.15
Nisbet EG, Pearce JA (1977) Clinopyroxene composition in mafic lavas from different tectonic settings. Contrib Mineral Petrol 63:149–160. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00398776
Niu Y (2004) Bulk-rock major and trace element compositions of abyssal peridotites: implications for mantle melting, melt extraction and post-melting processes beneath mid-Ocean Ridges. J Petrol 45(12):2423–2458. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egh068
Niu YL, O’Hara MJ (2003) Origin of ocean island basalts: a new perspective from petrology, geochemistry and mineral physics considerations. J Geophys Res Atmos 108(4):283–299
Ovung TN, Ray J, Teng X, Ghosh B, Paul M, Ganguly P, Sengupta S, Das S (2017) Mineralogy of the Manipur Ophiolite Belt, North East India: implications for Mid-Oceanic Ridge and Supra-Subduction Zone Origin. Curr Sci 112:2122. https://doi.org/10.18520/cs/v112/i10/2122-2129
Ovung TN, Ghosh B, Ray J (2020) Petrogenesis of neo-Tethyan ophiolites from the Indo-Myanmar ranges: a review. Int Geol Rev 63:1437–1449. https://doi.org/10.1080/00206814.2020.1775137
Pal T (2020) Structural imprints of Andaman accretionary prism and its tectonic relation with ophiolite belt of Indo-Burma ranges. In: Ray S, Grasemann B, Biswal T (eds) Structural geometry of mobile belts of the Indian Subcontinent. Society of Earth Scientists Series. Springer, Cham, pp 111–130
Pal T, Bhattacharya A, Nagendran G, Yanthan NM, Singh R, Raghumani N (2014) Petrogenesis of chromites from the Manipur ophiolite belt, NE India: evidence for a supra-subduction setting prior to Indo-Myanmar collision. Mineral Petrol 108:713–726. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00710-014-0320-z
Pearce JA (1982) Trace element characteristics of lavas from destructive plate boundaries. In: Thorpe RS (ed) Andesites: orogenic andesites and related rocks. Wiley, Cham, pp 252–548
Pearce JA (1996) A user’s guide to basalt discrimination diagrams. In: Wyman DA (Ed) Trace element geochemistry of volcanic rocks: applications for massive sulphide exploration. Geological Association of Canada, Short Course Notes, vol 12, pp 79–113
Pearce JA (2008) Geochemical fingerprinting of oceanic basalts with applications to ophiolite classification and the search for Archean oceanic crust. Lithos 100(1–4):14–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2007.06.016
Pearce JA, Cann JR (1973) Tectonic setting of basic volcanic rocks determined using trace element analyses. Earth Planet Sci Lett 19(2):290–300. https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(73)90129-5
Photiades A, Keay S (2003) Geological and geochronological data for Sikinos and Folegandros metamorphic units (Cyclades, Greece): their tectono-stratigraphic significance. Bull Geol Soc Greece 35:35–45
Pilet S, Baker MB, Stolper EM (2008) Metasomatized lithosphere and the origin of alkaline lavas. Science 320(5878):916–919
Pirnia T, Saccani E, Torabi G, Chiari M, Goričan Š, Barbero E (2020) Cretaceous tectonic evolution of the Neo-Tethys in Central Iran: evidence from petrology and age of the Nain-Ashin ophiolitic basalts. Geosci Front 11(1):57–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2019.02.008
Rajkakati M, Bhowmik SK, Ao A, Ireland TR, Avila J, Clarke GL, Bhandari A, Aitchison JC (2019) Thermal history of Early Jurassic eclogite facies metamorphism in the Nagaland Ophiolite Complex, NE India: new insights into pre-Cretaceous subduction channel tectonics within the Neo-Tethys. Lithos 346–347:105166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2019.105166
Rao BV, Nayak R (2016) Ultramafic Cumulates from Naga Ophiolite Belt, India: implications for petrogenesis and tectonic setting. In: Srivastava SK (ed) Recent trends in earth science research with special reference to NE India. Today and Tomorrow’s Printers and Publishers, New Delhi, pp 197–212
Rao BV, Ezung C, Nayak R (2010) Geology, genesis and tectonic setting of volcanic rocks from naga ophiolite belt. Mem Geol Soc Ind 75:317–327
Ray JS, Pattanayak SK, Pande K (2005) Rapid emplacement of the Kerguelen plume-related Sylhet Traps, eastern India: evidence from 40Ar–39Ar geochronology. Geophys Res Lett 32:L10303. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL022586
Robinson JAC, Wood BJ (1998) The depth of the spinel to garnet transition at the peridotite solidus. Earth Planet Sci Lett 164(1–2):277–284. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(98)00213-1
Roeder T (2015) Using detrital zircon geochronology to unravel the history of the Naga Hills ophiolite. MSc thesis, University of Sydney
Rudnick RL, Gao S (2004) Composition of the continental crust. Treat Geochem 3:1–64
Salters VJM, Stracke A (2004) Composition of the depleted mantle. Geochem Geophys Geosyst. https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GC000597
Sarkar A, Datta AK, Poddar BC, Bhattacharyya BK, Kollapuri VK, Sanwal R (1996) Geochronological studies of Mesozoic igneous rocks from eastern India. J Southeast Asian Earth Sci 13:77–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/0743-9547(96)00009-8
Sen S, Chaitopadhyay B (1978) The Ophiolite belt of north-eastern India and associated mineralisation. In: Proceedings of the 3rd regional conference on geology and mineral resources of SE Asia, Asian Institute of Technology Bangkok, pp 281–284
Sengupta S (1966) Geological and geophysical studies in western part of Bengal Basin. India AAPG Bull 50(5):1001–1017. https://doi.org/10.1306/5D25B60B-16C1-11D7-8645000102C1865D
Sengupta S, Acharyya SK, Van Den Hul HJ, Chattopadhyay B (1989) Geochemistry of volcanic rocks from the Naga Hills Ophiolites, northeast India and their inferred tectonic setting. J Geol Soc 146(3):491–498. https://doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.146.3.0491
Sengupta S, Ray KK, Acharyya SK, De Smeth JB (1990) Nature of ophiolite occurrences along eastern margin of Indian plate and their tectonic significance. Geology 18(5):439–442
Shaw DM (1970) Trace element fractionation during anatexis. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 34:237–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(70)90009-8
Singh AK, Devi LD, Singh NI, Subramanyam KSV, Singh RK, Satyanarayanan M (2012) Platinum-group elements and gold distributions in peridotites and associated podiform chromitites of the Manipur Ophiolitic Complex, Indo-Myanmar Orogenic Belt, Northeast India. Chem Erde 73(2):147–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemer.2012.07.00
Singh AK, Nayak R, Khogenkumar S, Subramanyam KSV, Thakur SS, Singh RKB, Satyanarayanan M (2016a) Genesis and tectonic implications of cumulate pyroxenites and tectonite peridotites from the Nagaland–Manipur ophiolites, Northeast India: constraints from mineralogical and geochemical characteristics. Geol J 52:415–436. https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.2769
Singh AK, Khogenkumar S, Singh LR, Singh BRK, Khuman CM, Thakur S (2016b) Evidence of Mid-ocean ridge and shallow subduction forearc magmatism in the Nagaland–Manipur ophiolites, northeast India: constraints from mineralogy and geochemistry of gabbros and associated mafic dykes. Chem Erde 76(4):605–620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemer.2016b.09.002
Singh AK, Chung SL, Bikramaditya RK, Lee HY (2017) New U-Pb zircon ages of plagiogranites from the Nagaland–Manipur Ophiolites, Indo-Myanmar Orogenic Belt, NE India. J Geol Soc Lond 174(1):170–179. https://doi.org/10.1144/jgs2016-048
Srivastava RK (2020) Early Cretaceous alkaline/ultra-alkaline silicate and carbonatite magmatism in the Indian Shield—a review: implications for a remnant of the Greater Kerguelen Large Igneous Province. Episodes J Int Geosci 43(1):300–311. https://doi.org/10.18814/epiiugs/2020/020017
Sun SS, McDonough WF (1989) Chemical and isotopic systematic of oceanic basalts: implications for mantle composition and processes. In: Saunders AD, Norry MJ (eds) Magmatism in oceanic basins. Geol Soc Spec Publ, vol 42, pp 313–345. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.042.01.19
Taylor SR, McLennan SM (1985) The continental crust, its composition and evolution: an examination of the geochemical record preserved in sedimentary rocks. Blackwell Scientific, Oxford, p 312
Thirlwall MF, Upton BGJ, Jenkins C (1994) Interaction between continental lithosphere and the iceland plume—Sr–Nd–Pb isotope geochemistry of tertiary basalts. NE Greenland J Petrol 35(3):839–879. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/35.3.839
Venkataramana P, Dutta AK, Acharyya SK (1986) Petrography and petrochemistry of Naga Hills Ophiolite. Geol Surv India 119:33–63
Verencar A, Saha A, Ganguly S, Manikyamba C (2021) Tectonomagmatic evolution of Tethyan oceanic lithosphere in supra subduction zone fore arc regime: geochemical fngerprints from crust-mantle sections of Naga Hills Ophiolite. Geosci Front 12(3):101096
Waight TE, Baker JA (2012) Depleted basaltic lavas from the proto-iceland plume. Central East Greenland J Petrol 53(8):1569–1596. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egs026
Weaver BL (1991) Trace element evidence for the origin of ocean-island basalts. Geology 19(2):123–126
Winchester JA, Floyd PA (1977) Geochemical discrimination of different magma series and their differentiation products using immobile elements. Chem Geol 20:325–343. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(77)90057-2
Workman RK, Hart SR (2005) Major and trace element composition of the depleted MORB mantle (DMM). Earth Planet Sci Lett 231(1–2):53–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2004.12.005
Zhu DC, Pan GT, Mo XX, Liao ZL, Jiang XS, Wang LQ, Zhao ZD (2007) Petrogenesis of volcanic rocks in the Sangxiu Formation, central segment of Tethyan Himalaya: A probable example of plume-lithosphere interaction. J Asian Earth Sci 29:320–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2005.12.004
Zhou Q, Liu Z, Lai Y, Wang G, Liao Z, Li Y, Wu J, Wang S, Qing C (2018) Petrogenesis of mafic and felsic rocks from the Comei large igneous province, South Tibet: implications for the initial activity of the Kerguelen plume. GSA Bull 130(5–6):811–824. https://doi.org/10.1130/B31653.1
Zou H (1998) Trace element fractionation during modal and non-modal dynamic melting and open-system melting: a mathematical treatment. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 62:1937–1945. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(98)00115-X
Zou H, Zindler A (1996) Constraints on the degree of dynamic partial melting and source composition using concentration ratios in magmas. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 60:711–717. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(95)00434-3
Acknowledgements
University of Delhi, India R and D Grant (2012–2013) to Ashima Saikia is duly acknowledged. The authors sincerely acknowledge the guidance of Dr. Chisoi, Directorate of Geology and Mining Nagaland, India for help in conducting field visits. Mr. Rajeev Kumar is acknowledged for constructive discussions to improve the manuscript.
Funding
The University of Delhi, India R and D Grant (2012–2013) to Ashima Saikia funded this work.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
AS: Field—data generation—data synthesis—writing (lead); EK: Field—data generation—writing (supporting).
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Saikia, A., Kiso, E. Heterogeneous mantle sources for basaltic rocks of the Nagaland–Manipur Hill Ophiolite (NMHO) complex of North-Eastern India: inferences from source melting models. Int J Earth Sci (Geol Rundsch) (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-024-02399-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-024-02399-6