Abstract
Petrological, mineral chemical and geochemical results are reported for the Cenozoic en-echelon tholeiitic dykes of the Multai area of Deccan flood basalt province, Madhya Pradesh (India) to estimate the pressure and temperature of fractionated and primary melt for these dykes. The rocks are composed of plagioclase, augite and olivine phenocrysts set in a holocrystalline groundmass of plagioclase microlites, augite, Ti–magnetite, ilmenite and interstitial glass. Plagioclases are labradorite in composition (An48–70), and pyroxenes are augite with a composition of Wo24–40, En24–52 and Fs13–56. Forsterite (Fo) contents of olivine phenocrysts range from Fo51 to Fo73. These tholeiitic dykes are rich in Al2O3, Rb, Ba and Sr and show enrichment in light rare-earth element relative to heavy rare-earth element with respect to enriched mid-ocean ridge basalt and normal mid-ocean ridge basalt. Studied samples have lower Ni, Cr, Co and MgO contents than primary compositions suggesting evolved nature of these rocks. The Sr–Nd isotopic ratios of the studied dyke samples indicate affinity to the Mahabaleshwar and Poladpur formations of the southwestern Deccan stratigraphy and the positive εNd(t) values suggest depleted mantle source. The fractionated melt for these dykes last equilibrated at P = 0.2–4.4 kbar and T = 1128–1169°C before the eruption, based on olivine, clinopyroxene and plagioclase mineral-melt equilibria thermo-barometers. The estimated mantle source and primary melt compositions suggest melting in the spinel stability field (P < 28 kbar). It was followed by melt equilibration with mantle olivine Fo89.6 at P = 18–22 kbar and T = 1419–1463°C. The evaluation of whole-rock geochemistry and mineral chemistry supports the hypothesis of fractional crystallisation of plagioclase + clinopyroxene ± olivine ± Fe–Ti oxides for the evolution of these basaltic dykes.
Research highlights
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(1)
This study is on the en-echelon tholeiitic dykes trending east–west in Multai and Dunawa area of Madhya Pradesh (India), located in the northeastern part of the main Deccan province of Deccan flood basalt.
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(2)
Temperature and pressure estimated for crystallisation of clinopyroxene in these samples, using the clinopyroxene-liquid thermometer of Putirka (2008, equation 33) and barometer of Neave and Putirka (2017), range from 1128 to 1175°C and 0.2–4.4 kbar.
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(3)
The H2O content estimated for these samples using the plagioclase hygrometer of Waters and Lange (2015) range from −0.29 to 0.08 wt%.
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(4)
Temperature and pressure calculated for the primary melt in equilibrium with mantle olivine Fo89.6 range between 1419–1463°C and 1.8–2.2 GPa. The estimated pressures correspond to depths of 59–71 km in the Earth’s lithosphere, assuming lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary at 90–100 km.
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Acknowledgements
The authors thank Prof N C Pant (Delhi University) and GSI, Jabalpur, for field guidance. Prof N V Chalapathi Rao is profusely thanked for the EPMA facility at BHU. KDMIPE (ONGC), Dehradun is sincerely acknowledged for TIMS analyses. The authors also acknowledge Dr Dewashish and the anonymous reviewer for their constructive comments.
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RK: Field, data generation, interpretation, writing (supporting); TA: Field guidance, interpretation, writing (supporting); AS: Data generation, interpretation, writing (lead). Each author read and approved the manuscript.
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Kumar, R., Ahmad, T. & Saikia, A. P–T estimates for the fractionated and primary melt of tholeiitic dykes from Multai area of Deccan flood basalt, Madhya Pradesh (India). J Earth Syst Sci 131, 104 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-022-01839-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-022-01839-8