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Long-term formation of barren skarn in a Triassic extensional setting: implications for the provenance of the Uppermost Unit of Crete, Greece

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Abstract

Concerning their provenance and age, the nappes of the Uppermost Unit of Crete are counted among the most enigmatic constituents of the Eastern Mediterranean. U–Pb dating of zircons separated from metavolcanic rocks of the Preveli nappe exposed near Lefkogia yielded Triassic emplacement ages at 237.3 ± 1.8, 241.5 ± 1.2 and 242.1 ± 1.2 Ma. U–Pb grandite dating of subvolcanic barren skarn of this area yielded the same age at 239.3 ± 2.3 Ma. The skarn is dominated by hydrous phases (ferri-actinolite, hydro-grandite, epidote), which developed at T = 400–450 °C in a marine extensional setting due to fluid-assisted metasomatic reactions between chert-bearing limestone and igneous veins. The fluids and their composition played a significant role for the complex oscillatory zoning of the grandite, which largely results from antithetic variations in Fe3+ and Al. The new U–Pb ages suggest that—similar to deep-seated skarns—U–Pb grandite dating of shallow-seated skarns allows dating the complementary record of hydrothermal activity related to the causative melt. Although the development of skarn is regarded as a short-lived process on geological time scales, the skarn formation of the Preveli nappe lasted for more than 20 m.y. as is indicated by additional U–Pb grandite ages obtained from skarn exposed near Kerames (232.7 ± 1.5 Ma) and near Gerakari (218.0 ± 3.5 Ma). The new ages and published data suggest the Uppermost Unit of Crete to be derived either from the peri-Rhodope domain of the Internal Hellenides or from the Pontides of northern Turkey.

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Acknowledgements

This is FIERCE contribution 118. The studies were supported by a grant of Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG Zu 73-34). Constructive comments of three anonymous referees and of the Editor of IJES, U. Riller, are acknowledged.

Funding

The studies were supported by a grant of Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG Zu 73–34).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institut für Geowissenschaften, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt a.M, Altenhöferallee 1, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany

    G. Zulauf, A. Gerdes, H. R. Marschall, L.-J. Millonig, N. Neuwirth & R. Petschick

  2. Tata Steel, R & D, 1970 CA, Ijmuiden, The Netherlands

    J. Linckens

  3. Institut für Angewandte Geowissenschaften, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Adenauerring 20b, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany

    A. Beranoaguirre

  4. Frankfurt, Isotope and Element Research Center (FIERCE), Goethe-Universität Frankfurt a.M, Altenhöferallee 1, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany

    A. Gerdes, H. R. Marschall & L.-J. Millonig

  5. Agnesstraße 45, 80798, Munich, Germany

    J. Krahl

  6. Department of Geology, University of Patras, Patras, Greece

    P. Xypolias

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Contributions

JL, JK, NW, PX and GZ contributed to the study conception and design. GZ and JK collected the samples. AG, AB, JL, L-JM, RP and GZ performed the analysis and interpreted the data. HRM and PX helped interpret the data. GZ wrote the first draft of the manuscript and all the authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All the authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to G. Zulauf.

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Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

531_2023_2296_MOESM1_ESM.pdf

Supplementary file1 Fig. 18 (Supplementary). Complementary results of U-Pb zircon dating. (a-c) U-Pb data shown in Wetherill Concordia diagrams. (d-f) Tera-Wasserburg diagrams that also contain zircon U-Pb analyses (n = 1 to 4) that were rejected from age calculations. Data points are indicated as 2σ error ellipses. (PDF 19 KB)

Supplementary file2 Table 1 (Supplementary). Location of analyzed samples (PDF 43 KB)

Supplementary file3 Table 2 (Supplementary). Chemical data of garnet (PDF 81 KB)

Supplementary file4 (PDF 52 KB)

Supplementary file5 Table 3 (Supplementary). U-Pb zircon data of felsic metavolcanics (PDF 30 KB)

Supplementary file6 (PDF 15 KB)

Supplementary file7 Table 4 (Supplementary). U-Pb garnet data of skarn. (PDF 2171 KB)

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Zulauf, G., Linckens, J., Beranoaguirre, A. et al. Long-term formation of barren skarn in a Triassic extensional setting: implications for the provenance of the Uppermost Unit of Crete, Greece. Int J Earth Sci (Geol Rundsch) 112, 1227–1250 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-023-02296-4

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