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Temporal evolution of the giant Salobo IOCG deposit, Carajás Province (Brazil): constraints from paragenesis of hydrothermal alteration and U-Pb geochronology

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Abstract

The giant Salobo copper-gold deposit is located in the Carajás Province, Amazon Craton. Detailed drill core description, petrographical studies, and U-Pb SHRIMP IIe and LA-ICP-MS geochronology unravel its evolution regarding the host rocks, hydrothermal alteration and mineralization. Within the Cinzento Shear Zone, the deposit is hosted by orthogneisses of the Mesoarchean Xingu Complex (2950 ± 25 and 2857 ± 6.7 Ma) and of the Neoarchean Igarapé Gelado suite (2763 ± 4.4 Ma), which are crosscut by the Old Salobo granite. Remnants of the Igarapé Salobo metavolcanic-sedimentary sequence are represented by a quartz mylonite with detrital zircon populations (ca. 3.1–3.0, 2.95, 2.86, and 2.74 Ga). High-temperature calcic-sodic hydrothermal alteration (hastingsite-actinolite) was followed by silicification, iron-enrichment (almandine-grunerite-magnetite), tourmaline formation, potassic alteration with biotite, copper-gold ore formation, and later Fe-rich hydrated silicate alteration. Myrmekitic bornite-chalcocite and magnetite comprise the bulk of copper-gold ore. All these alteration assemblages have been overprinted by post-ore hematite-bearing potassic and propylitic alteration, which is also recognized in the Old Salobo granite. In the central zone of the deposit the mylonitized Igarapé Gelado suite rocks yield an age of 2701 ± 30 Ma. Zircon ages of 2547 ± 5.3 and 2535 ± 8.4 Ma were obtained for the Old Salobo granite and for the high-grade copper ore, respectively. A U-Pb LA-ICP-MS monazite age (2452 ± 14 Ma) from the copper-gold ore indicates hydrothermal activity and overprinting in the Siderian. Therefore, a protracted tectono-thermal event due to the reactivation of the Cinzento Shear Zone is proposed for the evolution of the Salobo deposit.

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Acknowledgments

We are very grateful to VALE for the continuous support, especially to geologists Marcio Godoy, Axel Torres, Fernando Mattos, Samuel Nunes, and Sergio Bacelar Hunh. We also would like to thank the Editor-in-Chief Bernd Lehmann, Murray W. Hitzman, Fernando Barra, and Martin Smith, whose critical comments and suggestions significantly improved the paper. This research has been supported by the INCT Geociências da Amazônia (MCT/CNPq/Fapespa 573733/2008-2), Fapesp (2009/18371-0, 2013/25659-5), National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq Grant 481969/2013-6, 308365/2014-3), and CAPES Scholarship for the first author.

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  1. Institute of Geosciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), R. João Pandiá Calógeras, 51, Campinas, SP, 13083-870, Brazil

    Gustavo H. C. deMelo, Roberto P Xavier, Carolina P. N. Moreto & Erika S. B. Santiago

  2. Institute of Geosciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Rua do Lago 562, São Paulo, SP, 05508-080, Brazil

    Lena V. S. Monteiro

  3. Deparment of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E3, Canada

    S. Andrew Dufrane

  4. Departamento de Operações de Cobre Atlântico Sul – DIOC, Serra dos Carajás, Parauapebas, PA, Brazil

    Benevides Aires & Antonio F. F. Santos

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deMelo, G.H.C., Monteiro, L.V.S., Xavier, R.P. et al. Temporal evolution of the giant Salobo IOCG deposit, Carajás Province (Brazil): constraints from paragenesis of hydrothermal alteration and U-Pb geochronology. Miner Deposita 52, 709–732 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-016-0693-5

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