Introduction

Congenital urinary tract obstruction is a frequent manifestation in neonates with malformation of the urinary tract and obstruction is characterized by profound impairment of kidney functions including reductions in both glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and tubular handling of water and solutes[1]. However, the management of antenatally detected hydronephrosis is still debated [2, 3]. Early surgical intervention is controversial owing to limited understanding of the natural history of congenital hydronephrosis. To understand the development and the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in congenital obstructive uropathy we have developed a rat model with neonatal partial unilateral ureteral obstruction (PUUO) [4]. Since more than 90% of nephrogenesis in the rat takes place postnatally during the first 10 days of life, this is an attractive experimental model for studying congenital obstructive nephropathy, which may resemble the mid- and last trimester in the human foetus [5].

Characteristically, a very important sign of urinary tract obstruction is impairment of urinary concentrating capacity [6], which depends on the discrete segmental distribution of transport properties along the renal tubule: the hypertonic medullary interstitium, which is generated by active NaCl reabsorption in water-impermeable nephron segments, and the high water permeability (constitutive or vasopressin-regulated) in other renal tubular segments for osmotic equilibration, which chiefly depends on aquaporins (AQPs)[7]. Thus, defects in any of these mechanisms would be predicted to be associated with urinary-concentrating defects.

The AQPs are a family of membrane proteins that function as water channels[8]. AQP1 is highly abundant in the proximal tubule and descending thin limb [9], whereas AQP2 is the apical water channel of the principal cells and the chief target for regulation of collecting duct water permeability by vasopressin[10, 11]. Water transport across the basolateral plasma membrane of collecting duct principal cells is mediated by AQP3 [12] and AQP4[13]. Consistent with the roles of AQPs in renal regulation of water balance, we recently demonstrated that complete unilateral ureteral obstruction in adult rat causes severe downregulation of renal AQPs, which is associated with impaired renal water handling[14, 15]. Previous studies in our lab also demonstrated that AQP2 protein abundance in the kidney subjected to congenital partial ureter obstruction was reduced at 12 and 24 weeks of age. Consistent with this, solute-free water reabsorption was decreased, suggesting that AQP2 expression also plays a crucial role for the impairment of urine concentration during chronic partial ureter obstruction of the kidney [16].

Since the newborn rat model with PUUO is associated with the development of early progressive hydronephrosis[4], the aims of this study were therefore to investigate whether protein abundance of renal AQP1, AQP2, and AQP3 is time-/age-dependent in response to partial ureter obstruction.

Materials and methods

Experimental protocol

Experiments were performed using the same sample materials as from previously studied PUUO rats where expression patterns in acid-base transporters were examined [17]. Male rats (Munich–Wistar, Møllegaard Breeding Centre, Eiby, Denmark) were subjected to PUUO or sham operation within the first 48 h of life as described previously [4, 16, 18]. In brief, PUUO was created by a modification of Ulm and Miller’s technique [19], which results in the development of hydronephrosis. This study included 41 (2-day-old) male Munich–Wistar rats, weighing 6–8 g, randomized into two groups: PUUO (n = 23), and SHAM operation (n = 18).

Newborn rats, weighing 6–8 g, are poikilothermic, and adult thermoregulatory capabilities do not develop until week 3 of life. Because of their small body mass, rapid core cooling can be achieved by surface cooling [20]. Accordingly, the newborn rat was placed on crushed ice for about 8–10 min. When the rat was deeply asleep, it was placed at the operating table. If needed, additional crushed ice was placed around the body and neck region during the operation. Normally, placement of a newborn rat on crushed ice for 8–10 min is sufficient to maintain anesthesia for 30–40 min.

Partial unilateral ureteral obstruction of the left ureter was created according to a modification of the technique of Ulm and Miller[19]. The left ureter was exposed via an abdominal transperitoneal incision using a microscope with ×25 magnification. The underlying psoas muscle was split longitudinally to form a groove, into which the upper two thirds of the left ureter were embedded. The muscle edges were closed by Ethilon sutures (9–0). In the SHAM group, a laparotomy was performed and the left ureter was exposed. After surgery, rats were placed in an incubator with a temperature of 28°C until they were awakened; then they were returned to the regular units with their mothers. The mother rats had free access to a standard rodent diet and were kept in an animal facility with a controlled room temperature of 21 ± 2°C and 12:12-h dark–light cycle.

At day 21 of life, the rats were separated from their mother and divided randomly into the following protocols:

  1. 1.

    PUUO-7W (n = 13), in which the animals were subjected to PUUO and followed for 7 weeks before sacrifice. Both obstructed and contralateral non-obstructed kidneys from five PUUO-7W rats were used for immunoblotting. Immunohistochemistry were performed on five PUUO-7W rats.

  2. 2.

    SHAM-7W (n = 8). The left kidney from SHAM-7W rats (n = 5) was harvested and used for immunoblotting, and the left kidney from the remaining sham-operated rats was used for immunohistochemistry (n = 3).

  3. 3.

    PUUO-14W (n = 10), in which the animals were subjected to PUUO and followed for 14 weeks before sacrifice. Both obstructed and contralateral non-obstructed kidneys from six PUUO-14W rats were used for immunoblotting. The other harvested kidneys from the remaining PUUO-14W rats (n = 4) were used for immunohistochemistry.

  4. 4.

    SHAM-14W (n = 10). The left kidney from six SHAM-14W rats was used for immunoblotting, and the left kidney from the remaining SHAM-14W (n = 4) was used for immunohistochemistry.

All procedures conformed with the Danish National Guidelines for care and handling of animals and to the published guidelines from the National Institutes of Health. The experimental animal protocols were approved by the board of the Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aarhus University, according to the licenses for use of experimental animals issued by the Danish Ministry of Justice.

Urine and blood sampling and analysis

Urine from the last 24 h was collected every morning while the rats were in metabolic cages. Urinary sodium concentration was determined by standard flame photometry (Eppendorf FCM6341). Before termination of animals, about 4 ml of arterial blood was drawn from the abdominal aorta. Then both kidneys were quickly removed and frozen for subsequent immunoblotting. The blood was centrifuged for 15 min at 4,000 g to remove the blood cells, and subsequently the plasma was analyzed for sodium, potassium, creatinine, and urea with a Vitros 950 (Johnson & Johnson). The osmolality of plasma and urine was measured by freezing-point depression (The Advanced Osmometer, model 3900; Advanced Instruments, Norwood, MA, USA and the Osmomat 030-D; Gonotec, Berlin, Germany).

Electrophoresis and immunoblotting

Both the obstructed kidney (OBS) and contralateral non-obstructed kidney (CON) from PUUO rats, and the left kidney from SHAM rats were collected for semiquantitative immunoblotting. The sampling kidney was minced finely and homogenized in 7 ml of ice cold dissecting buffer (0.3 M sucrose, 25 mM imidazole, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7.2, and containing the following protease inhibitors: 8.5 μM leupeptin, 1 mM phenylmethyl sulfonyl fluoride), with five strokes of a motor-driven IKA homogenizer at 1,250 rpm. This homogenate was centrifuged in a Beckman L8M centrifuge at 4,000 g for 15 min at 4°C. The supernatants were assayed for protein concentration using the BCA protein assay method. Gel samples (in Laemmli sample buffer containing 2% SDS) were made from this membrane preparation. According to the total protein concentration, the loading volumes of different samples were calculated. Samples of membrane fractions were run on 12 SDS-polyacrylamide minigels (Bio-Rad Mini Protean II). For each gel, an identical gel was run in parallel and subjected to Coomassie blue staining. The Coomassie blue stained gel was used to ascertain identical loading or to allow for potential correction for minor differences in loading after scanning and densitometry of major bands. The other gel was subjected to blotting. After transfer by electroelution to nitrocellulose membranes, blots were blocked with 5% milk in PBS-T (80 mM Na2HPO4, 20 mM NaH2PO4, 100 mM NaCl, 0.1% Tween 20, pH 7.5) for 1 h and incubated with primary antibodies overnight at 4°C. After being washed with PBS-T, the blots were incubated with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody (P448, DAKO A/S, Glostrup Denmark, diluted 1:3,000) for 1 h. After a final washing as above, antibody binding was visualized by using the enhanced chemiluminescence system (Amersham). Enhanced chemiluminescence films with bands within the linear range were scanned (Arcus II, Agfa, and Corel Photopaint software). The labeling density was corrected by densitometry of the Coomassie blue-stained gels.

Immunohistochemistry

Kidneys were fixed by retrograde perfusion via the abdominal aorta with 4% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 M cacodylate buffer, pH 7.4. For immunoperoxidase microscopy, kidney blocks containing all kidney zones were dehydrated and embedded in paraffin. The paraffin-embedded tissues were cut (into 2-μm pieces) on a rotary microtome (Leica). The sections were deparaffinized and rehydrated. For immunoperoxidase labeling, endogenous peroxidase were blocked by 0.5% H2O2 in absolute methanol for 10 min at room temperature. To reveal antigens, sections were put in 1 mmol/l Tris solution (pH 9.0) supplemented with 0.5 mM EGTA and heated using a microwave oven for 10 min. Nonspecific binding of Ig was prevented by incubating the sections in 50 mM NH4Cl for 30 min, followed by blocking in PBS supplemented with 1% BSA, 0.05% saponin, and 0.2% gelatin. Sections were incubated overnight at 4°C with primary antibodies diluted in PBS supplemented with 0.1% BSA and 0.3% Triton X-100. After being rinsed with PBS supplemented with 0.1% BSA, 0.05% saponin, and 0.2% gelatin for 3 × 10 min, the sections were incubated in horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies (P448, DAKO) diluted 1:200 in PBS supplemented with 0.1% BSA and 0.3% Triton X-100, followed by incubation with diaminobenzidine. The microscopy was carried out using a Leica DMRE light microscope.

Primary antibodies

For semiquantitative immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry, we used previously characterized polyclonal antibodies to several water channels, as follows:

  1. 1.

    AQP1 (2353 AP fr 2–5): an affinity-purified antibody to AQP1 [21].

  2. 2.

    AQP2 (H7661 Ap fr 3–4): an affinity-purified antibody to AQP2 [22].

  3. 3.

    pS256-AQP2 (KO 407 AP). An affinity-purified rabbit polyclonal antibody to pS256-AQP2 has previously been described [23].

  4. 4.

    AQP3 (1591AP): an affinity-purified polyclonal antibody to AQP3 has previously been described [21, 24].

Statistical analysis

For the densitometry of immunoblots, samples from experimental kidneys were run on each gel with corresponding sham kidneys. Renal AQP expression in the samples from the experimental animals was calculated as a fraction of the mean sham control value for that gel. Parallel Commassie-stained gels were subjected to densitometry and used for correction of potential minor differences in loading. Values are presented as means ± SE. Comparisons between groups were made by unpaired t test. One-way ANOVA analysis was used for comparison in more than two groups. P values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.

Results

Age-dependent expression of AQP2 and AQP3 in response to PUUO

Data on body weight, electrolytes and kidney function are given in Table 1. AQP2 is expressed in the apical plasma membrane and subapical vesicles of collecting duct principal cells. As previously shown, the affinity-purified anti-AQP2 antibody exclusively recognizes the 29- and the 35- to 50-kDa bands (Figs. 1 a, c). Semiquantitative immunoblotting revealed increased AQP2 abundance in the obstructed and non-obstructed kidneys in PUUO 7W (143% and 125% of sham levels respectively, P < 0.05; Fig. 1a, b; Table 2). These findings were confirmed by immunohistochemistry. As described previously, AQP2 labeling was seen in the apical domains of the collecting duct principal cells (Fig. 1). In contrast to that seen in the sham-operated controls (Fig. 1g), the labeling intensity of AQP2 in the obstructed kidney (Fig. 1e) and contralateral non-obstructed kidney (Fig. 1f) were increased. In PUUO-14W, AQP2 abundance was significantly decreased in the obstructed kidney (80% of sham level, P < 0.05), whereas it was unchanged in the non-obstructed kidneys (Fig. 1c, d; Table 1), which were also confirmed by immunohistochemistry (Fig. 1h, i, j).

Fig. 1
figure 1

Semiquantitative immunoblotting of membrane fractions of obstructed whole kidneys (OBS) and contralateral non-obstructed kidneys (CON) from (partial unilateral ureteral obstruction) PUUO-7W and PUUO-14W rats, and kidneys from matched sham-operated control rats (SHAM). a and c Immunoblots reacted with affinity-purified AQP2 antibody revealed 29- and 35- to 50-kDa bands. b Densitometry analysis in PUUO-7W revealed a marked increase in the abundance of AQP2 to 143 ± 12% in OBS and 125 ± 7% in CON (P < 0.05 separately, compared with SHAM). d Densitometry analysis in PUUO-14W revealed a marked decrease in the abundance of AQP2 to 80 ± 8% in OBS (P < 0.05 compared with SHAM). In CON, AQP2 expression did not change compared with SHAM. Immunohistochemistry of AQP2 in the collecting ducts of OBS, CON, and SHAM from 7- and 14-week-old PUUO and SHAM rats. In PUUO-7W the immunolabeling was intense in e OBS and f CON compared with g SHAM, whereas in PUUO-14W the immunolabeling was much weaker in h OBS and comparable in i CON compared with j SHAM. Magnification: ×250

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Table 1 Changes in body weight, plasma electrolytes, and kidney functions in partial unilateral ureteral obstruction (PUUO) and sham-operated control rats at 7 and 14 weeks respectively
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Semiquantitative immunoblotting of pS256-AQP2 was performed using antibodies that selectively recognize pS256-AQP2, which is phosphorylated at consensus site (Ser256) [23]. As seen in Fig. 2, pS256-AQP2 protein abundance was reduced in the obstructed kidneys both at 7 weeks (PUUO-7W) and 14 weeks (PUUO-14W; 78% and 71% of sham levels respectively, P < 0.05; Fig. 2b, d; Table 2), whereas pS256-AQP2 levels were unaltered in non-obstructed kidneys. These findings were confirmed by immunohistochemistry demonstrating that pS256-AQP2 labeling was seen in the apical domains of collecting duct principal cells. In obstructed kidneys, pS256-AQP2 labeling intensity was much weaker in the apical domains of collecting duct principle cells of both PUUO 7W (Fig. 2e) and PUUO 14W (Fig. 2h), compared with sham-operated controls (Fig. 2g, j). In contrast, in non-obstructed kidneys, the labeling intensity of pS256-AQP2 was unchanged (Fig. 2f, i).

Fig. 2
figure 2

Semiquantitative immunoblotting of membrane fractions of obstructed whole kidneys (OBS) and contralateral non-obstructed kidneys (CON) from PUUO-7W and PUUO-14W rats, and kidneys from matched sham-operated control rats (SHAM). a and c Immunoblots reacted with affinity-purified phosphorylated AQP2 (pS256-AQP2) antibody revealed 29- and 35- to 50-kDa bands. b Densitometry analysis in PUUO-7W revealed a marked decrease in abundance of p-AQP2 to 78 ± 6% in OBS. d Densitometry analysis in PUUO-14W revealed a marked decrease in expression levels of pS256-AQP2 to 71 ± 6% in OBS (*P < 0.05 compared with SHAM, # P < 0.05 compared with CON). In CON, p-AQP2 expression did not change in either PUUO-7W or -14W. Immunohistochemistry of pS256-AQP2 in the principal cells of collecting duct (CD) of OBS, CON, and SHAM from 7- and 14-week-old PUUO and Sham rats. In the apical parts of the collecting duct principal cells of CD, pS256-AQP2 labeling was much weaker in OBS in both e PUUO-7W and h -14W rats compared with g, j SHAM. The immunolabeling in f, i CON was comparable to that seen in SHAM. Magnification: ×250

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Table 2 Protein expression of renal AQPs in PUUO and sham-operated control rats at 7 and 14 weeks respectively
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AQP3 is the water channel protein expressed in the basolateral plasma membrane of the collecting duct principal cells and plays an important role in collecting duct water reabsorption. Semiquantitative immunoblotting demonstrated increased AQP3 abundance in both obstructed and contralateral non-obstructed kidneys of PUUO-7W (156% and 152% of sham level respectively, P < 0.05, Fig. 3a, b; Table 2). Consistent with this, immunohistochemistry demonstrated an intense labeling intensity of AQP3 in the basolateral plasma membrane domains of the principal cells in the collecting ducts of the obstructed (Fig. 3e) and non-obstructed kidneys (Fig. 3f) compared with sham operated kidney (Fig. 3g). In contrast, in PUUO-14W AQP3 protein abundance did not differ from sham levels (Fig. 3c, d; Table 2). Consistent with this, immunohistochemistry showed the comparable labeling intensity of AQP3 in obstructed and non-obstructed kidneys of PUUO-14W rats (Fig. 3h, i) compared with sham-operated controls (Fig. 3j).

Fig. 3
figure 3

Semiquantitative immunoblotting of membrane fractions of obstructed whole kidneys (OBS) and contralateral non-obstructed kidneys (CON) from PUUO-7W and PUUO-14W rats, and kidneys from matched sham-operated rats (SHAM). a, c Immunoblots reacted with affinity-purified AQP3 antibody and revealed 27- and 33- to 40-kDa bands. b Densitometry analysis in PUUO-7W revealed a marked increase in abundance of AQP3 to156 ± 21% in OBS and 152 ± 5% in CON (P < 0.05 separately, compared with SHAM). d Densitometry analysis in PUUO-14W revealed an unchanged abundance of AQP3. In PUUO-7W rats, the immunolabeling of AQP3 in the collecting duct was intense in e OBS and f CON compared with g SHAM, whereas in PUUO-14W the immunolabeling was comparable in h OBS and i CON compared with j SHAM. Magnification: ×250

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Analysis of kidney weight and total protein content demonstrated that total protein content in the kidneys did not differ significantly among obstructed, non-obstructed, and sham kidneys in PUUO-7W rats, but decreased in the obstructed kidney of PUUO-14W (Table 3).

Table 3 Kidney weight and protein concentration in PUUO and sham-operated control rats at 7 and 14 weeks respectively
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Age-dependent expression of AQP1 in response to PUUO

AQP1 is a water channel protein expressed in the proximal tubule and the descending thin limb of Henle's loop. Semiquantitative immunoblotting revealed that AQP1 abundance was increased in the obstructed kidneys in PUUO-7W rats compared with sham-operated controls (118% of sham levels, P < 0.05, Fig. 4a, b; Table 2). These findings were also observed by immunohistochemistry (Fig. 4e, f, g). In PUUO-14W, AQP1 abundance was significantly decreased in the obstructed and non-obstructed kidney (76% and 83% of sham level respectively, P < 0.05; Fig. 4c, d; Table 2), which was also seen by the immunohistochemistry (Fig. 4h, i, j).

Fig. 4
figure 4

Semiquantitative immunoblotting of membrane fractions of obstructed whole kidneys (OBS) and contralateral non-obstructed kidneys (CON) from PUUO-7W and PUUO-14W rats, and kidneys from matched sham-operated control rats (SHAM). a, c Immunoblots reacted with affinity-purified AQP1 antibody revealed 29- and 35- to 50-kDa bands. b Densitometry analysis in PUUO-7W revealed increased abundance of AQP1 to 118 ± 2% in OBS (P < 0.05). In CON, AQP1 expression did not change. d Densitometry analysis in PUUO-14W revealed a markedly decreased abundance of AQP1 to 76 ± 8% in OBS and 83 ± 6% in CON (P < 0.05 separately, compared with SHAM). Immunohistochemistry of AQP1 in the proximal tubule of OBS, CON, and SHAM kidneys from 7- and 14-week-old PUUO and Sham rats. In PUUO-7W rats the immunolabeling was intense in e OBS, and comparable in f CON compared with g SHAM. In PUUO-14W the immunolabeling was much weaker in h OBS and i CON compared with j SHAM. Magnification: ×250

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Discussion

The present study demonstrated that protein abundance of renal AQP2 and AQP3 was increased in both partial obstructed and non-obstructed kidneys 7 weeks after induction of neonatal PUUO. AQP1 protein abundance was increased in the obstructed kidney of PUUO-7W rats. In contrast, AQP1 and AQP2 protein abundance were reduced in obstructed kidneys 14 weeks after induction of PUUO. pS256-AQP2 protein abundance was reduced at both 7 and 14 weeks after PUUO, and confirmed by immunohistochemistry demonstrating that trafficking of AQP2 to the apical plasma membrane is impaired despite age-dependent changes in total AQP2 abundance.

Age-dependent expression of AQP2 and AQP3

In a number of studies we previously demonstrated that urinary tract obstruction is associated with downregulation of renal aquaporin water channels located both to the proximal tubule and collecting duct of the kidney coinciding with reduced free water reabsorption. Thus, these studies have demonstrated a functional association between protein abundance and ability to move water across the tubular epithelium, suggesting a key pathophysiological role of renal water channels for the impaired urine concentrating capacity that may be associated with urinary tract obstruction [14–16]. In a recent study we also demonstrated age-dependent changes in the abundance of kidney acid-base transporters, which may explain the urinary acidification defect in response to ureteral obstruction [17]. Consistent with dysregulation of acid-base transporters the present study demonstrated that protein abundance of AQP2 was increased in both the obstructed and non-obstructed kidney of PUUO-7W rats. However, pS256-AQP2 was downregulated, demonstrating that the phosphorylated fraction of AQP2 was reduced, consistent with a reduced trafficking of AQP2 to apical plasma membrane of collecting duct principal cells in the 7 weeks partial obstructed kidneys. This finding could suggest that undefined mechanisms are involved in the dissociation of decreased phosphorylation of AQP2 and increased abundance of AQP2, and the mechanism for this needs to be further investigated in a future study. Since overall urine production and solute free water reabsorption did not differ between PUUO and SHAM the bidirectional AQP2 and pS256-AQP2 expression in the obstructed kidney in PUUO-7W rats may suggest that the increase in AQP2 protein abundance is part of an early compensatory phenomenon in response to congenital unilateral urinary tract obstruction. The increase in AQP2 protein abundance in the contralateral non-obstructed kidney in PUUO-7W rats may be an early adaptive phenomenon and the mechanism responsible for this needs to be further examined.

In PUUO-14W rats both AQP2 and pS256-AQP2 protein expression were reduced in obstructed kidneys, demonstrating that long-term partial obstruction may cause detrimental effects on tubular function. Consistent with this, we previously demonstrated that the partially obstructed kidney has a significantly reduced solute free water reabsorption at 12 weeks of PUUO when single kidney functions were evaluated by the renal clearance technique of each individual kidney [16]. It would have been optimal to directly study the urinary concentrating capacity of the partially obstructed kidney in parallel with changes in AQP2 and pS256-AQP2 expression. However, we previously demonstrated that downregulation of AQP2 parallels changes in collecting duct water handling in rats in a similar model with congenital partial unilateral ureteral obstruction [14] and it was shown that AQP2 downregulation is associated with impaired urinary concentrating capacity after obstruction [25]. Since the regulation of the four different aquaporin water channels is dependent on the duration of obstruction in the present model of congenital partial unilateral ureter obstruction, it will be important to examine the urine concentrating capacity of the partially obstructed kidney in a future study.

AQP3 represents an exit pathway for water transport through the basolateral membrane in collecting duct principal cells and also plays a role in the urine concentration. It is well known that AQP3 knockout mice have a marked polyuria and impairment of urinary concentration [26]. Immunoblotting and immuohistochemistry demonstrated that AQP3 was markedly upregulated in both obstructed and contralateral non-obstructed kidneys in PUUO-7W rats compared with the sham animals. In contrast, the observed unchanged expression of AQP3 in PUUO-14W rats suggests that regulation of AQP3 abundance was different from that of AQP2. Vasopressin is known to increase the abundance of both AQP2 and AQP3 in the collecting duct, and there is clear evidence that regulation of both AQP2 and AQP3 abundance is related to changes of body water balance [27]. However, immunoelectron microscopy previously demonstrated that AQP3 is exclusively present in the basolateral plasma membranes with little labeling of intracellular vesicles [12]. This suggests that AQP3 is not regulated by vesicular trafficking. Moreover, there are several examples where there is a decoupling of AQP2 and AQP3 expression, e.g., in conditions like hepatic cirrhosis [28], vasopressin escape [29], and low-protein diet [30]. This finding suggests that other factors in addition to vasopressin may regulate AQP3 abundance. We also previously demonstrated that AQP3 abundance and expression in the basolateral plasma membrane of the collecting duct principal cells are, at least in part, dependent on the plasma aldosterone levels [24], and the increase in AQP3 protein abundance in the contralateral non-obstructed kidney may be an adaptive phenomenon.

Age-dependent expression of AQP1

AQP1 is expressed in the proximal tubule and descending thin limb of Henle. AQP1 plays a vital role in water reabsorption by catalyzing coupling between NaCl and water movement in isosmotic fluid transport and allowing osmotic equilibrium in the presence of tubular rapid flow. Consistent with this, AQP1 knockout mice have a severe urinary concentration defect and decreased transepithelial water permeability in the proximal tubule and descending thin limb [31, 32]. Moreover, dysregulation of AQP1 may result in changes in tubular fluid delivery to the thick ascending limb and collecting duct, and thereby also partly contribute to the impaired urinary concentration ability after urinary tract obstruction. Recently, we demonstrated that AQP1 expression is reduced in response to both bilateral ureteral obstruction and unilateral ureteral obstruction [14, 15]. Consistent with this, the results of the present study showed decreased AQP1 abundance in obstructed kidneys from PUUO-14W. Similar to the collecting duct aquaporins, AQP1 abundance was increased in the obstructed kidney of PUUO-7W rats. Overall, the results of the present study extend previous findings and underscore the importance of AQP1 dysregulation in response to obstruction. The early upregulation may be a compensatory phenomenon, whereas the late downregulation may suggest that downregulation of this protein is also dependent on age and duration of a congenital partial obstruction. The downregulation of AQP1 observed in the contralateral kidney of PUUO-14W rats may suggest a physiological adaptive response by the opposite kidney.

In conclusion, the study demonstrated an increase in AQP2, AQP3, and AQP1 protein abundance in the obstructed kidney in PUUO-7W rats coinciding with reduced pS256-AQP2 protein abundance. This increase in AQP2, AQP3, and AQP1 protein abundance may be an early compensatory phenomenon of the obstructed kidney to prevent obstruction-induced impairment of membrane transport functions along the nephron. Consistent with previous studies AQP2, pS256-AQP2, AQP3, and AQP1 protein abundance were reduced in the obstructed kidney in PUUO-14W rats suggesting that this may contribute to the impairment of urinary concentration in kidneys with congenital urinary tract obstruction.