Same day discharge (SDD) after colon surgery is an emerging topic for which significant resources are being applied. The recent surge in interest stems from a combination of aspects, primarily the success of enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocols and demands made by the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID 19). With the COVID 19 virus we have witnessed considerable strain on healthcare systems [1]. Notably, this has resulted in shortages of staff, products, and equipment [1]. Additionally, surgeons have had to alter their practice by entertaining nonsurgical options, minimally invasive approaches, triaging procedures based on urgency, and minimizing length of stay (LOS) [1]. Fortunately, many institutions have colorectal ERAS protocols in place, for which the main tenets rest upon appropriate patient selection, patient preoperative optimization, and minimally invasive approaches to surgery [2]. As a result of both ERAS protocols and minimally invasive surgical techniques, research has found that overall length of stay has decreased [3]. With ERAS protocols there has been a decrease in LOS by 1–2 days, and minimally invasive procedures by 2–3 days when compared to open surgery [3,4,5]. Guided by the established success of ERAS protocols and coerced by the burden of COVID 19 constraints, SDD protocols were produced.

Our institution saw initial success with ERAS protocols, and now for the past 2 years has routinely been practicing SDD colon surgery in the appropriate patient population. The ability to perform SDD in the current global pandemic has allowed for better utilization of hospital resources, decreased inpatient patient risk, and reduced burden on limited hospital staff. Although, hospital systems view these aspects of SDD as successful and due to the pandemic now essential, the question of patient perception is now being asked. Patients undergoing these procedures were formally staying in the hospital for several days, but now they’re being discharged in just mere hours [3,4,5]. Prior data on ERAS protocols showed that patients were appreciative of the increased understanding of perioperative expectations, improved communication with medical teams, and decreased LOS [6]. Although this response has been witnessed with established ERAS protocols, SDD platforms are much younger, and this information is lacking. As such, after extensive literature review, we are unable to locate any reports focusing on the patient perception of SDD after colon surgery. Clinicians may find the ability to safely discharge a patient after major surgery in just mere hours a great success, however physicians are not the only party involved in that decision.

Objectives

The aim of this study was to perform a survey to analyze patient experience and satisfaction with same day discharge after colon surgery. Additionally, these results were compared to the experience of patients who were discharged on postoperative day 1.

Materials and methods

A retrospective review of patients who underwent colon surgery between February 2019 and January 2022 was performed. The patients were separated into two distinct categories, those who were discharged on the same day and those who were not. For all non-SDD patients, the group was further defined by postoperative day (POD) 1 discharge or discharge on later days. All patients who were discharged later than POD1 were removed from this study. Our two patient populations consisted of those who underwent SDD (n = 69), and our control group of those who underwent discharge on POD1 (n = 154). Procedures performed in either group included: cecectomy, right colectomy, transverse colectomy, left colectomy, low anterior resection, proctectomy, ostomy reversal with resection, or rectopexy. Of the two groups, fifty patients were randomly selected from each group and were contacted to request participation in the study. These patients were selected randomly based on the order they were populated into our electronic medical record databank. The survey consisted of eleven questions that assessed patient experience, preference, satisfaction, and any comments (Figs. 1 and 2). The questions were posed in different formats including multiple choice, yes/no, and ranking scale from one to ten. Additionally, at the end of the survey there was a comment section where patient feedback could be recorded. The patients were contacted via phone to complete the survey, or the study was completed in person at the time of postoperative assessment. All the patient surveys were conducted by two of the authors (KRC, CLK). Once the patients completed the survey, no further contact was made regarding the survey or their responses. They were not required to provide any explanation of their responses, however if patients elaborated on their response, this was recorded in the comments section. A total of three attempts were made to contact the patient by phone and if the patient did not answer on the third attempt, no additional attempts were made. No voicemail messages were left. Once answers were obtained, they were numerically recorded into a new blinded dataset for assessment and analyzation by the other authors.

Fig. 1
figure 1

Survey questions provided to patients after undergoing same day discharge colorectal surgery. Pictorial representation of the same day discharge survey provided to patients in our office or given over the phone

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Fig. 2
figure 2

Survey questions provided to patients after undergoing postoperative day one discharge colorectal surgery. Pictorial representation of the postoperative day one discharge survey provided to patients in our office or given over the phone

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Results

A total of one hundred patients were contacted during the production of this study and divided into two groups, SDD (n = 50) and POD1 (n = 50). Of the patients who underwent SDD, 41/50 (82%) patients participated in the survey, while nine patients did not answer after the third attempt. From the POD1 patient population, 23/50 (46%) patients completed the survey, while 27 patients did not answer after three attempts. There were no patients who refused participation in this study.

The average response to each question was collected and recorded in Table 1. In SDD, the lowest average score was assessment of family/support system comfort with discharge (8.17/10), in which POD 1 reported a score of (8.96/10), p = 0.15. The highest score for both groups was understanding postoperative mobility instructions, SDD (9.27/10) and POD 1 (9.68/10), p = 0.20. The lowest POD1 score was for patient comfort with discharge (8.56/10), while SDD in this category reported (8.22/10), p = 0.32. Comfort with postoperative diet was the only value higher in SDD (9.17/10), compared to POD1 (8.96), though again not statistically significant, p = 0.52. The only statistically significant difference was identified in patient comfort with postoperative pain control, SDD (8.34/10) and POD 1 (9.48/10), p = 0.02.

Table 1 Comparison of average responses to numerical based survey questions on same day discharge (SDD) and postoperative day 1 (POD1) discharge in colorectal surgery
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Additionally, 38/41 (92.68%) SDD responders found that they could easily contact our office with questions of concerns, while all 23 (100%) POD1 reported these findings. Furthermore, in SDD 39/41 (95.12%) patients felt they received enough preoperative education on expectations, in POD1 22/23 (95.65%) reported enough preoperative education. Next, 36/41 (87.80%) SDD patients felt that they played an active role in the decision making for discharge, 87.80%, while all 23/23 (100%) POD1 patients reported feeling an active role. Lastly, 35/41 (85.37%) of SDD patients stated that if they needed another similar procedure, they would want to undergo SDD again. In POD1, 22/23 (95.65%), would desire a POD1 discharge if offered.

Finally, the patients were asked about in which format they would prefer to receive instructions regarding their medical care. Both groups favored receiving instructions in a written format (SDD 32/39 [82.1%], POD1 18/23 [78.26%]). While some patients preferred video format (SDD 4/39 [10.26%], POD1 2/23 [8.7%]), either format (SDD 2/39 [5.13%], POD1 2/23 [8.7%]) or both formats (SDD 1/39 [2.56%], POD1 1/23 [4.35%]).

Discussion

When reviewing the patient responses, we received enlightening comments that must be entertained for improving our protocol employed. In the SDD population, there were two patients who reported that they did not receive enough education regarding their care. Although patients were not required to elaborate on their responses, both patients further commented that they felt rushed to leave the post anesthesia care unit (PACU), and under the influence of anesthesia medications when receiving postoperative instructions. Additionally, five patients responded that they did not feel they had an active role in their discharge decision making. Of those five, three patients cited that they did not yet feel ready to leave PACU; one of these also stated they did not have adequate home pain control. The other two patients who reported that they did not feel they had a role in their discharge stated that they were unable to stay due to bed shortages from the COVID 19 pandemic. Lastly, 35/41 (85.37%) SDD patients stated that they would undergo SDD again if they needed a similar procedure. While reviewing the patient responses of those who would not repeat SDD, four of the five patients who reported a decreased role in decision making stated they would not want to undergo SDD again (3 not feeling ready for PACU discharge, 1 COVID 19 limiting bed). The cause for the remaining two patients who would not undergo repeat SDD included emergency room assessment for urinary retention and again feeling PACU discharge was premature. In the comment section, 33 patients responded. Most patients (25/33, 75.6%) reported a favorable experience. These comments included compliments to the surgeon, office staff, anesthesia team, and nursing staff. Furthermore, patients elaborated and reported they were pleased with the amount of time taken for explanation, the personal bedside manner, and ensured understanding by the patient and family. Many patients reported feeling safe throughout the entire experience, and several reported wanting future surgeries performed in the same manner. The only negative comments received were previously discussed and were regarding early PACU discharge, postoperative urinary retention, pain control management, or decreased ability to contact the office.

Briefly contrasting these responses to those of the POD 1 population, similar responses were given. It was identified that the same POD1 patient who reported not receiving enough preoperative education also reported not wanting to be discharged on POD 1 again if another similar procedure was needed. Unfortunately, the patient did not leave other comments in the survey. The other reported POD1 comments again mentioned compliments to multiple different teams involved in care, the extensive time provided for understanding, good bedside manner, and increased level of comfort and safety throughout the perioperative process. The negative comments received in the POD 1 population again reported feeling a rush for discharge, decreased preoperative education, and concerns over postoperative pain control. When comparing the SDD and POD 1 populations, many compliments and complaints were similar between the two groups. Additionally, statistically the only significant difference identified was concerning comfort with postoperative pain control.

From our experience and previously published data, we know that SDD after colectomy is a safe and feasible option in the proper patient population [7,8,9,10,11]. As clinicians pressured by constraints of the current COVID 19 pandemic, we have viewed upgrading our ERAS protocols into SDD regimens as a success. However, we must remember that we are not the only parties involved when SDD is being performed. As was previously done with ERAS protocols, the patient perspective must also be analyzed and considered [12]. ERAS protocols found clinical measures of improvement when compared to non-ERAS surgery, such as decreased hospital LOS and cost [12]. Importantly however, there has also been ERAS literature published that reviewed patient satisfaction and assessed of quality of life [12, 13]. ERAS protocols were found to have a sooner return to work, sensation of feeling well informed, higher comfort level at home, less patient fatigue, and no detriment to patient satisfaction or quality of life [12, 13]. Additionally, ERAS reports have also found that patients appreciated: experiencing less gastrointestinal symptoms, lack of urinary catheters, reduced preoperative fasting, early return of postoperative diet, and decrease in unnecessarily prolonged hospital stay [6].

With SDD being in its infancy, the robust review of both clinical data and the patient perspective has been limited. We have found few studies reporting clinical SDD outcomes and no studies focusing on the patient perception of SDD [7,8,9,10,11]. Through our survey, we identified many factors that patients found beneficial in their experience. Most patients felt that they were active decision makers in their care and discharge plan, as well as reported a heightened level of both patient and family comfort with discharge. Furthermore, a staggering number of patients reported that they felt comfortable with the preoperative education they received and with the instructions they were provided on discharge. Additionally based on interpretation of patient comments, we found that patients felt they had an increased understanding of their care and a sense of empowerment and involvement. Finally, we saw that a large population of patients who underwent SDD (85.37%) would undergo SDD colectomy again. The only identified statistically significant variable was patient comfort with postoperative pain control, which favored the POD1 population. The main complaint received related to feeling rushed for PACU discharge. Through increased PACU staff education and adherence to protocol, we hope to minimize that sensation while improving comfort with postoperative pain control. Aside from that single factor, there were no other statistically significant variables from the patient perspective. Given these results, we feel that after improving PACU education on patient understanding and pain control, SDD is viewed as a viable option by colectomy patients.

Limitations

While performing a retrospective survey on patient experience, we must acknowledge that limitations are encountered. First, this is a retrospective study on patient experience spanning a 2-year period. Patients, especially those who underwent surgery at the beginning of the period, may be influenced by recall bias and base their responses on currently feeling well. Additionally, we must acknowledge the gross difference in response rates between the two populations. Where 82% of SDD responded to the survey, only 46% of the POD 1 population responded. It is one of the main criteria for SDD eligibility that adequate means of communication are available so that any concerns can be relayed, and patients be contacted for status assessments. As such, this factor appears to be clearly reflected again in our response rates to this survey.

Conclusion

After analysis of patient perspectives on SDD colon surgery, the vast majority (85.37%) prefer this method to any length of stay. The combination of an at home support system, ability for office contact, proper education, and ensured patient understanding allowed for increased patient satisfaction with SDD protocols. Only one of the several factors analyzed, comfort with postoperative pain control, was found to be statistically significant favoring POD1. By improving PACU education and postoperative pain control, combined with the evidence that no other responses were statistically significant, we feel that SDD is perceived as a noninferior, patient appreciated alternative to POD 1 discharge.