Abstract
Plant isoprene emissions are known to contribute to abiotic stress tolerance, especially during episodes of high temperature and drought, and during cellular oxidative stress. Recent studies have shown that genetic transformations to add or remove isoprene emissions cause a cascade of cellular modifications that include known signaling pathways, and interact to remodel adaptive growth-defense tradeoffs. The most compelling evidence for isoprene signaling is found in the shikimate and phenylpropanoid pathways, which produce salicylic acid, alkaloids, tannins, anthocyanins, flavonols and other flavonoids; all of which have roles in stress tolerance and plant defense. Isoprene also influences key gene expression patterns in the terpenoid biosynthetic pathways, and the jasmonic acid, gibberellic acid and cytokinin signaling networks that have important roles in controlling inducible defense responses and influencing plant growth and development, particularly following defoliation. In this synthesis paper, using past studies of transgenic poplar, tobacco and Arabidopsis, we present the evidence for isoprene acting as a metabolite that coordinates aspects of cellular signaling, resulting in enhanced chemical defense during periods of climate stress, while minimizing costs to growth. This perspective represents a major shift in our thinking away from direct effects of isoprene, for example, by changing membrane properties or quenching ROS, to indirect effects, through changes in gene expression and protein abundances. Recognition of isoprene's role in the growth-defense tradeoff provides new perspectives on evolution of the trait, its contribution to plant adaptation and resilience, and the ecological niches in which it is most effective.
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Acknowledgements
This synthesis is intended as a contribution to a Special Issue of Oecologia. It represents over 30 years of research with multiple collaborators. We would especially like to acknowledge the helpful discussions with Professor Manuel Lerdau (University of Virginia) on several concepts concerning cellular signaling and plant defense theory that are presented in the manuscript. RKM acknowledges support from the Ecosystems Program in the Division of Environmental Biology (NSF Award 1754430), and TDS acknowledges support from the IOS-Integrative Ecological Physiology program (NSF award 2022495) and partial salary support from Michigan AgBioResearch.
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RKM conceived of the manuscript. All authors contributed to the research and analysis described in the manuscript. All authors contributed to the writing and editing of the manuscript.
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Monson, R.K., Weraduwage, S.M., Rosenkranz, M. et al. Leaf isoprene emission as a trait that mediates the growth-defense tradeoff in the face of climate stress. Oecologia 197, 885–902 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-020-04813-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-020-04813-7