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Regulation of gene expression by chromosome 5A during cold hardening in wheat

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Abstract

Cold hardening is necessary to achieve the genetically determined maximum freezing tolerance and to reduce yield losses in winter cereals. The aim of the present study was to determine a set of genes with an important role in this process, by comparing of chromosome 5A substitution lines with different levels of freezing tolerance, since chromosome 5A is a major regulator of this trait. During 21 days of treatment at 2°C, 303 genes were up-regulated, while 222 were down-regulated at most sampling points, and 156 at around half of them (out of the 10,297 unigenes studied). The freezing-tolerant substitution line exhibited 1.5 times as many differentially expressed genes than the sensitive one. The transcription of 78 genes (39 up-regulated) proved to be chromosome 5A-dependent. These genes encoded proteins involved in transcriptional regulation, defence processes and carbohydrate metabolism. Three of the chromosome 5A-related genes, coding for a cold-responsive, a Ca-binding and an embryo and meristem-related protein, were genetically mapped and characterized in further detail. The present experimental system was appropriate for the selection of chromosome 5A-related genes involved in short- and long-term cold acclimation in wheat. By modifying the expression of these genes it may be possible to improve freezing tolerance.

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Acknowledgments

The authors thank A. Horváth for plant cultivation and treatment, I. Walde and J. Perovic for help in the cDNA-macroarray work, S. König for sequencing, D. Douchkov for support during the real-time qRT PCR analyses, A. Winter for providing the program for the analysis of macroarray data prior to publishing, L. Altschmied, U. Scholz, M. Lange and P. Miskolczi for their help in the data analysis. This work was supported by the German–Hungarian bilateral cooperation “PlantResource” (WTZ HUN 02/001), the state of Saxony-Anhalt (German-Hungarian Distributed Project Group PlantResource FKZ: 3593A/04055T), the Hungarian Scientific Research Fund, the National Office for Research and Technology (NKTH-OTKA K 67906 and K 68894; Wheat Spike Consortia, NKFP OM-00018/04, subtask 3/1; NKTH NAP-BIO-06–OMFB-00515/2007) and the European Union (AGRISAFE 203288–EU-FP7-REGPOT 2007-1). G. Galiba and N. Stein are partners in the COST action FA0604 ‘Tritigen’.

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  1. Dragan Perovic

    Present address: Julius Kuehn-Institute, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Resistance Research and Stress Tolerance, Erwin-Baur-Str.27, 06484, Quedlinburg, Germany

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Agricultural Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Brunszvik u. 2, Martonvásár, 2462, Hungary

    Gábor Kocsy, Attila Szűcs, Ildikó Vashegyi & Gábor Galiba

  2. Department Genebank, AG Genome Diversity (GED), Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany

    Gábor Kocsy, Benedikt Athmer, Dragan Perovic, Axel Himmelbach, Patrick Schweizer & Nils Stein

  3. Faculty of Information Technology, Research Institute of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Pannonia, Egyetem u. 10, Veszprém, 8200, Hungary

    Ildikó Vashegyi & Gábor Galiba

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Communicated by A. Tyagi.

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438_2010_520_MOESM1_ESM.xls

Table S1 Hierarchical clusters of the 681 cold-responsive genes showing up- and down-regulation. The table contains the ratio of normalised expression data after 1, 7 and 21 d at 2°C compared to the untreated controls.(XLS 136 kb)

438_2010_520_MOESM2_ESM.xls

Table S2 K-means clusters of the 681 cold-responsive genes showing the different time-courses of expression changes. The over-represented genes in the 3rd group, indicated in red, are shown in Fig. 2. (XLS 95 kb)

438_2010_520_MOESM3_ESM.xls

Table S3 Chromosomal localization of the 681 cold-responsive genes in rice. Based on synteny analysis, segments of rice chromosomes 3, 9 and 12 correspond to barley chromosome 5H and wheat chromosome 5A. (XLS 152 kb)

438_2010_520_MOESM4_ESM.xls

Table S4 K-means clusters of 78 chromosome 5A-controlled genes exhibiting cold-induced expression changes. The mapped genes and their positions are indicated in red. (XLS 34.0 kb)

438_2010_520_MOESM5_ESM.xls

Table S5 KEGG-based annotation of the EST sequences present on the cDNA-macroarray to metabolic pathways, GB, GI and TC identifiers and normalised data. (XLS 3596 kb)

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Kocsy, G., Athmer, B., Perovic, D. et al. Regulation of gene expression by chromosome 5A during cold hardening in wheat. Mol Genet Genomics 283, 351–363 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00438-010-0520-0

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