Abstract
Activation Induced cytidine Deaminase (AID) is an essential enzyme of the adaptive immune system. Its canonical activity is restricted to B lymphocytes, playing an essential role in the diversification of antibodies by enhancing specificity and changing affinity. This is possible through its DNA deaminase function, leading to mutations in DNA. In the last decade, AID has been assigned an additional function: that of a powerful DNA demethylator. Adverse cellular conditions such as chronic inflammation can lead to its deregulation and overexpression. It is an important driver of B-cell lymphoma due to its natural ability to modify DNA through deamination, leading to mutations and epigenetic changes. However, the deregulation of AID is not restricted to lymphoid cells. Recent findings have provided new insights into the role that this protein plays in the development of non-lymphoid cancers, with some research shedding light on novel AID-driven mechanisms of cellular transformation. In this review, we provide an updated narrative of the normal physiological functions of AID. Additionally, we review and discuss the recent research studies that have implicated AID in carcinogenesis in varying tissue types including lymphoid and non-lymphoid cancers. We review the mechanisms, whereby AID promotes carcinogenesis and highlight important areas of future research.
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Abbreviations
- A-EJ:
-
Alternative end-joining
- AID:
-
Activation induced cytidine deaminase
- AIDS:
-
Acquired immune deficiency disorder
- AOM:
-
Azoxymethane
- APE1:
-
Apyrimidinic endonuclease
- APOBEC:
-
Apolipoprotein B mRNA editing catalytic polypeptide-like
- ATP:
-
Adenosine triphosphate
- BER:
-
Base excision repair
- BL:
-
Burkitt lymphoma
- BUCC:
-
Bladder urothelial cell carcinoma
- CAC:
-
Colitis-associated cancers
- CHOP:
-
Cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin hydrochloride, vincristine sulfate and prednisone
- CRM-1:
-
Chromosome maintenance 1
- CSR:
-
Class switch recombination
- dC:
-
Deoxycytidine
- DLBCL:
-
Diffuse large B cell lymphoma
- DSS:
-
Dextran sulfate sodium
- dU:
-
Deoxyuridine
- EBNA2:
-
Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 2
- EBNA3C:
-
Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 3C
- EBV:
-
Epstein-Barr virus
- EGFR:
-
Epidermal growth factor receptor
- EMT:
-
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition
- GC:
-
Germinal centre
- HAART:
-
Highly active antiretroviral therapy
- HIV:
-
Human immunodeficiency virus
- IECs:
-
Intestinal epithelial cells
- IRC:
-
Inflammation-related carcinogenesis
- LMP1:
-
Latent Membrane Protein 1
- MMP14:
-
Matrix Metalloproteinase 14
- MMR:
-
Mismatch repair
- NES:
-
Nuclear export signal
- NHEJ:
-
Non-homologous end-joining
- NHL:
-
Non-Hodgkin lymphomas
- NLS:
-
Nuclear localisation signal
- PD-L1:
-
Programmed Cell Death Ligand
- RBPJ:
-
Recombination binding protein
- REG-γ:
-
REGgamma
- SHM:
-
Somatic hypermutation
- ssDNA:
-
Single stranded DNA
- TLR9:
-
Toll-like receptor 9
- TSS:
-
Transcription start site
- UNG:
-
Uracil-DNA glycosylase
- UV:
-
Ultraviolet
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Philipe Alves de Souza Rios for assisting in developing the graphics in Fig. 1.
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Rios, L.A.d., Cloete, B. & Mowla, S. Activation-induced cytidine deaminase: in sickness and in health. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 146, 2721–2730 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00432-020-03348-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00432-020-03348-x