Abstract
Skeletal muscle cells can both gain and lose volume during periods of exercise and rest. Muscle cells do not behave as perfect osmometers because the cell volume changes are less than predicted from the change in extracellular osmolality. Therefore, there are mechanisms involved in regulating cell volume, and they are different for regulatory volume decreases and regulatory volume increases. Also, after an initial rapid change in cell volume, there is a gradual and partial recovery of cell volume that is effected by ion and water transport mechanisms. The mechanisms have been studied in non-contracting muscle cells, but remain to be fully elucidated in contracting muscle. Changes in muscle cell volume are known to affect the strength of contractile activity as well as anabolic/catabolic signaling, perhaps indicating that cell volume should be a regulated variable in skeletal muscle cells. Muscles contracting at moderate to high intensity gain intracellular volume because of increased intracellular osmolality. Concurrent increases in interstitial (extracellular) muscle volume occur from an increase in osmotically active molecules and increased vascular filtration pressure. At the same time, non-contracting muscles lose cell volume because of increased extracellular (blood) osmolality. This review provides the physiological foundations and highlights key concepts that underpin our current understanding of volume regulatory processes in skeletal muscle, beginning with consideration of osmosis more than 200 years ago and continuing through to the process of regulatory volume decrease and regulatory volume increase.
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Abbreviations
- ADP:
-
Adenosine diphosphate
- ATP:
-
Adenosine triphosphate
- ATPase:
-
Adenosine triphosphatase
- Ca2 + :
-
Calcium cation
- Cl− :
-
Chloride anion
- K+ :
-
Potassium cation
- MCT:
-
Monocarboxylate transport protein
- Mg2 + :
-
Magnesium cation
- Na+ :
-
Sodium cation
- NaCl:
-
Sodium chloride
- NKA:
-
Sodium, potassium ATPase
- NKCC:
-
Sodium, potassium, two chloride cotransporter
- Pi:
-
Inorganic phosphate
- PCr:
-
Phosphocreatine
- RVD:
-
Regulatory volume decrease
- RVI:
-
Regulatory volume increase
- T system:
-
Transverse tubule system
- TRPV2:
-
Transient receptor potential protein V2
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Acknowledgements
MIL is grateful to Dr. Irena Rebalka for carefully reviewing and editing an earlier version of this paper, and to the reviewers who provided many valuable suggestions for improvements. MIL also expresses many thanks to all of the former graduate studies that have contributed to the inspiration and work for some of the research described in the paper. Figures 1, 2, 3, 4 and 7 were created using BioRender.com.
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Lindinger, M.I. A century of exercise physiology: key concepts in muscle cell volume regulation. Eur J Appl Physiol 122, 541–559 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-021-04863-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-021-04863-6