Abstract
The D. João de Castro is a submarine volcano with known hydrothermal activity located in the Terceira ultra-slow spreading rift within the Azores triple junction (ATJ). Several well-known mafic and ultramafic rock-hosted seafloor hydrothermal systems lay along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, to the north and to the south of the Azores platform, yet little is known about seafloor hydrothermal activity, ore-metal availability, and magmatic–hydrothermal interactions within the ATJ. Here, we investigate multi-phase melt inclusions hosted in early formed phenocrysts (olivine, clinopyroxene and plagioclase), and metallic precipitates found in groundmass vesicles. Combining detailed petrographic observations with geochemical data and thermobarometry calculations, we assess P–T conditions of early formed phenocrysts, melt pathways towards surface, timing of sulfide saturation and composition of immiscible sulfide melts. Results show that D. João de Castro is characterized by a multi-level magmatic system where primary melt segregated from the upper mantle and moved up through the oceanic crust with little residence time. Sulfide saturation with the formation of immiscible magmatic sulfide liquid (Fe–Ni–Cu) occurred early in primitive magmas with clinopyroxene and olivine crystallization and continued during plagioclase crystallization. At shallower levels, the magmatic degassing of volatiles carrying base metals (Cu–Zn–Pb–Co) and Ba have contributed to the element budget of the D. João de Castro hydrothermal system. The study of multi-phase melt inclusions and vesicles at D. João de Castro submarine volcano contributes to the understanding of source to surface magmatic processes at the Terceira Rift and underline the importance of magmatic degassing into seafloor hydrothermal systems.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Reference
Ackermand D, Hekinian R, Stoffers P (1988) Magmatic sulfides and oxides in volcanic rocks from the Pitcairn hotspot (South Pacific). Mineral Petrol 64:149–162
Arndt N, Lesher CM, Czamanske GK (2005) Mantle-derived magmas and magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits. Economic Geology 100th Anniversary. https://doi.org/10.5382/AV100.02
Audétat A, Günther D, Heinrich CA (1998) Formation of a magmatic-hydrothermal ore deposit: insights with LA-ICP-MS analysis of fluid inclusions. Science 279(5359):2091–2094. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.279.5359.2091
Barnes SJ, Mungall JE, le Vaillant M, Godel B, Lesher CM, Holwell D, Lightfoot PC, Krivolutskaya N, Wei B (2017) Sulfide-silicate textures in magmatic Ni-Cu-PGE sulfide ore deposits: disseminated and net-textured ores. Am Miner 102(3):473–506. https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2017-5754
Barnes SJ, Robertson JC (2019) Time scales and length scales in magma flow pathways and the origin of magmatic Ni–Cu–PGE ore deposits. Geosci Front 10(1):77–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2018.02.006
Beaudoin Y, Scott SD, Gorton MP et al (2007) Pb and other ore metals in modern seafloor tectonic environments: evidence from melt inclusions. Mar Geol 242(4):271–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2007.04.004
Beier C, Haase KM, Abouchami W, Krienitz MS, Hauff F (2008) Magma genesis by rifting of oceanic lithosphere above anomalous mantle: Terceira Rift. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, Azores. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GC002112
Beier C, Haase KM, Turner SP (2012) Conditions of melting beneath the Azores. Lithos 144–145:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2012.02.019
Bender JF, Hodges FN, Bence AE (1978) Petrogenesis of basalts from the project FAMOUS area: experimental study from 0 to 15 kbars. Earth Planet Sci Lett 41(3):277–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(78)90184-X
Bennett EN, Jenner FE, Millet M-A et al (2019) Deep roots for mid-ocean-ridge volcanoes revealed by plagioclase-hosted melt inclusions. Nature 572:235–239. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1448-0
Bennett VC, Norman MD, Garcia MO (2000) Rhenium and platinum group element abundances correlated with mantle source components in Hawaiian picrites: sulphides in the plume. Earth Planet Sci Lett 183(3–4):513–526. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00295-8
Blundy JD, Robinson JAC, Wood BJ (1998) Heavy REE are compatible in clinopyroxene on the spinel lherzolite solidus. Earth Planet Sci Lett 160(3–4):493–504. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(98)00106-X
Brugger J, Liu W, Etschmann B, Mei Y, Sherman DM, Testemale D (2016) A review of the coordination chemistry of hydrothermal systems, or do coordination changes make ore deposits? Chem Geol 447:219–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2016.10.021
Bryan WB, Thompson G, Michael PJ (1979) Compositional variation in a steady-state zoned magma chamber: Mid-Atlantic Ridge at 36°50′N. Tectonophysics 55(1–2):63–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(79)90335-4
Candela PA (2003) Ores in the Earth’s Crust. In: Rudnick RL (ed) Treatise on Geochemistry. Elsevier, Netherland, pp 411–431 (ISBN 0-08-043751-6)
Cardigos F, Colaço A, Dando PR, Ávila SP, Sarradin PM, Tempera F, Conceição P, Pascoal A, Serrão SR (2005) Shallow water hydrothermal vent field fluids and communities of the D. João de Castro Seamount (Azores). Chem Geol 224(1–3):153–165
Cashman KV, Mangan MT (1994) Physical aspects of magmatic degassing II: Constraints on vesiculation processes from textural studies of eruptive products. In: Holloway JR (ed) Carroll MR. Reviews in Mineralogy, Volatiles in Magmas, pp 447–478
Charlou JL, Donval JP, Douville E, Jean-Baptiste P, Radford-Knoery J, Fouquet Y, Dapoigny A, Stievenard M (2000) Compared geochemical signatures and the evolution of Menez Gwen (37°50′N) and Lucky Strike (37°17′N) hydrothermal fluids, south of the Azores triple junction on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Chem Geol 171(1–2):49–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(00)00244-8
Czamanske GK, Moore JG (1977) Composition and phase chemistry of sulfide globules in basalt from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge rift valley near 37°N lat. Geol Soc Am Bull 88(4):578–599
Danyushevsky LV, McNeill AW, Sobolev AV (2002) Experimental and petrological studies of melt inclusions in phenocrysts from mantle-derived magmas: an overview of techniques, advantages and complications. Chem Geol 183(1–4):5–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(01)00369-2
de Hoog JCM, van Bergen MJ (2000) Volatile-induced transport of HFSE, REE, Th and U in arc magmas: evidence from zirconolite-bearing vesicles in potassic lavas of Lewotolo volcano (Indonesia). Contrib Miner Petrol 139(4):458–502. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004100000146
de Vivo B, Lima A, Kamenetsky VS, Danyushevsky LV (2006) Fluid and melt inclusions in the sub-volcanic environments from volcanic systems: Examples from the Neapolitan area and Pontine Islands, Italy. Mineralogical Association of Canada Short Course. Montreal, Quebec, pp 211–237
Dekov VM, Damyanov ZK, Kamenov GD, Bonev IK, Rajta I, Grime GW (2001) Sorosite (η-Cu6Sn5)-bearing native tin and lead assemblage from the Mir zone (Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 26°N). Oceanol Acta 24(3):205–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0399-1784(00)01139-7
Dekov VM, Damyanov ZK, Mandova ED (1996) Native tin and tin alloys from axial metalliferous sediments of an ultra-fast spreading centre: East Pacific Rise, 21°S survey area. Neues Jahrb Mineral Monatsh 9:385–405
Desborough GA, Anderson AT, Wright TL (1968) Mineralogy of sulfides from certain Hawaiian basalts. Econ Geol 63(6):636–644. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.63.6.636
Dias A, Barriga FJAS (2006) Mineralogy and geochemistry of hydrothermal sediments from the serpentinite-hosted Saldanha hydrothermal field (36°34′N; 33°26′W) at MAR. Mar Geol 225:157–175
Doe BR (1994) Zinc, copper, and lead in mid-ocean ridge basalts and the source rock control on Zn/Pb in ocean-ridge hydrothermal deposits. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 58(10):2215–2223. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(94)90006-X
Edmonds M, Woods AW (2018) Exsolved volatiles in magma reservoirs (2018). J Volcanol Geoth Res 368:13–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2018.10.018
Eggins SM, Kinsley LPJ, Shelley JMG (1998) Deposition and element fractionation processes during atmospheric pressure laser sampling for analysis by ICP-MS. Appl Surf Sci 127–129:278–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-4332(97)00643-0
Elthon D, Stewart M, Ross DK (1992) Compositional trends of minerals in oceanic cumulates. J Geophys Res 97(B11):15189–15199. https://doi.org/10.1029/92JB01187
Francis RD (1990) Sulfide globules in mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB), and the effect of oxygen abundance in FeSO liquids on the ability of those liquids to partition metals from MORB and komatiite magmas. Chem Geol 85(34):199–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(90)90001-N
Frezzotti M-L (2001) Silicate-melt inclusions in magmatic rocks: applications to petrology. Lithos 55(1–4):273–299. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-4937(00)00048-7
Fulignati P, Kamenetsky VS, Marianelli P et al (2011) First insights on the metallogenic signature of magmatic fluids exsolved from the active magma chamber of Vesuvius (AD 79 “Pompei” eruption). J Volcanol Geoth Res 200(3–4):223–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2010.12.015
Gale A, Dalton CA, Langmuir CH et al (2013) The mean composition of ocean ridge basalts. Geochem Geophys Geosyst 14(3):489–518. https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GC004334
Gente P, Dyment J, Maia M, Goslin J (2003) Interaction between the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the Azores hot spot during the last 85 Myr: Emplacement and rifting of the hot spot-derived plateaus. Geochem Geophys Geosyst. https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GC000527
Grove T, Kinzler R, Bryan W (1992) Fractionation of Mid-Ocean ridge basalt (MORB). In: Phipps-Morgan J, Blackman D, Sinton J (eds) Mantle flow and melt migration at mid-ocean ridges. American Geophysical Monograph, AGU, Washington, DC, pp 281–311
Guillong M, Meier D, Allan M, Heinrich CA, Yardley BWD (2008) Appendix A6: SILLS: a mathlab-based program for the reduction of laser ablation ICP-MS data of homogeneous materials and inclusions. Mineralogic Assoc Canada Short Course. 40:328–333
Günther D, A. Heinrich C, (1999) Enhanced sensitivity in laser ablation-ICP mass spectrometry using helium-argon mixtures as aerosol carrier. J Anal at Spectrom 14(9):1363–1368. https://doi.org/10.1039/A901648A
Günther D, Audétat A, Frischknecht R, A. Heinrich C, (1998) Quantitative analysis of major, minor and trace elements in fluid inclusions using laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. J Anal at Spectrom 13(4):263–270. https://doi.org/10.1039/A707372K
Günther D, Frischknecht R, Müschenborn H-J, Heinrich CA (1997) Direct liquid ablation: a new calibration strategy for laser ablation-ICP-MS microanalysis of solids and liquids. Fresenius J Analy Chem 359:390–393. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002160050594
Haase KM, Beier C (2003) Tectonic control of ocean island basalt sources on São Miguel, Azores? Geophy Res Lett. https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL017500
Halter WE, Webster JD (2004) The magmatic to hydrothermal transition and its bearing on ore-forming systems. Chem Geol 210(1–4):1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2004.06.001
Halter WE, Pettke T, Heinrich CA (2002a) The origin of Cu/Au ratios in porphyry-type ore deposits. Science 296(5574):1844–1846. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1070139
Halter WE, Pettke T, Heinrich CA, Rothen-Rutishauser B (2002b) Major to trace element analysis of melt inclusions by laser-ablation ICP-MS: methods of quantification. Chem Geol 183(1–4):63–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(01)00372-2
Harris AC, Kamenetsky VS, White NC, Achterbergh EV, Ryan CG (2003) Melt inclusions in veins: linking magmas and porphyry Cu deposits. Science 302(5653):2109–2111. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1089927
Hedenquist JW, Lowenstern JB (1994) The role of magmas in the formation of hydrothermal ore deposits. Nature 370:519–527. https://doi.org/10.1038/370519a0
Heinrich CA (2005) The physical and chemical evolution of low-salinity magmatic fluids at the porphyry to epithermal transition: a thermodynamic study. Miner Deposita 39:864–889. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-004-0461-9
Heinrich CA, Günther D, Audétat A et al (1999) Metal fractionation between magmatic brine and vapor, determined by microanalysis of fluid inclusions. Geology 27:755–758
Heinrich CA, Halter W, Landtwing MR, Pettke T (2005) The formation of economic porphyry copper (-gold) deposits: constraints from microanalysis of fluid and melt inclusions. Geologic Soc London Spec Pub 248:247–263. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2005.248.01.13
Heinrich CA, Pettke T, Halter WE, Aigner-Torres M, Audetat A, Günther D, Hattendorf B, Bleiner D, Guillon M, Horn I (2003) Quantitative multi-element analysis of minerals, fluid and melt inclusions by laser-ablation inductively-coupled-plasma mass-spectrometry. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 67(18):3473–3497. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(03)00084-X
Hunter EAO, Hunter JR, Zajacz Z, Keith J, Hann NL, Christianser EH, Dorais MJ (2020) Vapor transport and deposition of Cu-Sn-Co-Ag alloys in vesicles in mafic volcanic rocks. Econ Geol 115:279–301. https://doi.org/10.5382/ECONGEO.4702
Kamenetsky VS, Danyushevsky LV (2005) Metals in quartz-hosted melt inclusions: Natural facts and experimental artifacts. Am Miner 90(10):1674–1768. https://doi.org/10.2138/am.2005.1969
Kamenetsky VS, Davidson P, Mernagh TP, Crawford AJ, Gemmell JB, Portnyagin MV, Shinjo R (2002) Fluid bubbles in melt inclusions and pillow-rim glasses: high-temperature precursors to hydrothermal fluids? Chem Geol 183(1–4):349–364. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(01)00383-7
Kamenetsky VS, Golovin AV, Maas R, Giuliani A, Kamenetsky M, Weiss Y (2014) Towards a new model for kimberlite petrogenesis: evidence from unaltered kimberlites and mantle minerals. Earth Sci Rev 139:145–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2014.09.004
Kamenetsky VS, Grütter H, Kamenetsky MB, Gömann K (2013a) Parental carbonatitic melt of the Koala kimberlite (Canada): constraints from melt inclusions in olivine and Cr-spinel, and groundmass carbonate. Chem Geol 353:96–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2012.09.022
Kamenetsky VS, Kamenetsky MB (2010) Magmatic fluids immiscible with silicate melts: Examples from inclusions in phenocrysts and glasses, and implications for magma evolution and metal transport. Geofluids 10:293–311. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-8123.2009.00272.x
Kamenetsky VS, Kamenetsky MB, Sharygin VV, Faure K, Golovin AV (2007) Chloride and carbonate immiscible liquids at the closure of the kimberlite magma evolution (Udachnaya-East kimberlite, Siberia). Chem Geol 237:384–400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2006.07.010
Kamenetsky VS, Maas R, Fonseca ROC, Ballhaus C, Heuser A, Brauns M, Normam MD, Woodhead JD, Rodemann T, Kuzmin DV, Bonatti E (2013b) Noble metals potential of sulfide-saturated melts from the subcontinental lithosphere. Geology 41(5):575–578. https://doi.org/10.1130/G34066.1
Kamenetsky VS, Wolfe RC, Eggins SM, Mernaugh TP, Bastrakov, (1999) Volatile exsolution at the Dinkidi Cu-Au porphyry deposit, Philippines: a melt-inclusion record of the initial ore-forming process. Geology 27(8):691–694
Kamenetsky VS, Zelenski M, Gurenko A et al (2017) Silicate-sulfide liquid immiscibility in modern arc basalt (Tolbachik volcano, Kamchatka): part II. composition, liquidus assemblage and fractionation of the silicate melt. Chem Geol 471:92–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2017.09.019
Keith M, Haase KM, Klemd R, Smith DJ, Schwarz-Schampera U, Bach W (2018) Constraints on the source of Cu in a submarine magmatic-hydrothermal system, Brothers volcano, Kermadec island arc. Contrib Miner Petrol 173:40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-018-1470-5
Keith M, Haase KM, Klemd R, Schwarz-Schampera U, Franke H (2017) Systematic variations in magmatic sulphide chemistry from mid-ocean ridges, back-arc basins and island arcs. Chem Geol 451:67–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2016.12.028
Klügel A, Klein F (2006) Complex magma storage and ascent at embryonic submarine volcanoes from the Madeira Archipelago. Geology 34(5):337–340. https://doi.org/10.1130/G22077.1
Klügel A, Longpré MA, García-Cañada L, Stix J (2015) Deep intrusions, lateral magma transport and related uplift at ocean island volcanoes. Earth Planet Sci Lett 431:140–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2015.09.031
Langmuir C, Humphris S, Fornari D, Van Dover C, Von Damm K, Tivey MK, Colodner D, Charlou J-L, Desonie D, Wilson C, Fouquet Y, Klinkhammer G, Bougault H (1997) Hydrothermal vents near a mantle hot spot: the Lucky Strike vent field at 37°N on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Earth Planet Sci Lett 148(1–2):69–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(97)00027-7
Larrea P, França Z, Widom E, Lago M (2018) Petrology of the Azores Islands. Springer, Volcanoes of the Azores, pp 197–249
Laubier M, Gale A, Langmuir CH (2012) Melting and crustal processes at the FAMOUS segment (mid-atlantic ridge): new insights from olivine-hosted melt inclusions from multiple samples. J Petrol 53(4):665–698. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egr075
Laubier M, Schiano P, Doucelance R, Ottolini L, Laporte D (2007) Olivine-hosted melt inclusions and melting processes beneath the FAMOUS zone (Mid-Atlantic Ridge). Chem Geol 240(1–2):129–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2007.02.002
Lissenberg CJ, Dick HJB (2008) Melt–rock reaction in the lower oceanic crust and its implications for the genesis of mid-ocean ridge basalt. Earth Planet Sci Lett 271(1–4):311–325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2008.04.023
Longerich HP, Jackson SE, Günther D (1996) Inter-laboratory note. Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric transient signal data acquisition and analyte concentration calculation. J Analy Atom Spectrom 11:899–904. https://doi.org/10.1039/JA9961100899
Lourenço N, Miranda JM, Luis JF, Ribeiro A, Mendes Victor LA, Madeira J, Needham HD (1998) Morpho-tectonic analysis of the Azores Volcanic Plateau from a new bathymetric compilation of the area. Mar Geophys Res 20:141–156. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004505401547
Lowenstern JB (2003) Melt inclusions come of age: Volatiles, volcanoes, and sorby’s legacy. In: de Vivo B, Bodnar RJ (eds) Developments in Volcanology. Elsevier, pp 1–21
Lowenstern JB (1993) Evidence for a copper-bearing fluid in magma erupted at the Valley of ten thousand smokes, Alaska. Contrib Miner Petrol 114:409–421. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01046542
Lowenstern JB (1995) Applications of silicate-melt inclusions to the study of magmatic volatiles. Magmas. Fluids and Ore Deposits, Mineralogical Association of Canada, pp 71–99
Lowenstern JB, Mahood GA, Rivers ML, Sutton SR (1991) Evidence for extreme partitioning of copper into a magmatic vapor phase. Science 252:1405–1409. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.252.5011.1405
Luis JF, Miranda JM, Galdeano A, Patriat P (1998) Constraints on the structure of the Azores spreading center from gravity data. Mar Geophys Res 20:157–170. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004698526004
Madureira P, Mata J, Mattielli N, Queiroz G, Silva P (2011) Mantle source heterogeneity, magma generation and magmatic evolution at Terceira Island (Azores archipelago): constraints from elemental and isotopic (Sr, Nd, Hf, and Pb) data. Lithos 126:402–418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2011.07.002
Madureira P, Moreira M, Mata J, Nunes JC, Gautheron C, Lourenço N, Carvalho R, Pinto de Abreu M (2014) Helium isotope systematics in the vicinity of the Azores triple junction: constraints on the Azores geodynamics. Chem Geol 372:62–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2014.02.015
Madureira P, Rosa C, Marques AF et al (2017) The 1998–2001 submarine lava balloon eruption at the Serreta ridge (Azores archipelago): constraints from volcanic facies architecture, isotope geochemistry and magnetic data. J Volcanol Geoth Res 329:13–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2016.11.006
Marchev P (1991) Primary barite in high-K dacite from the eastern Rhodope. Bulgaria Eur J Mineral 3:1005–1008
Marques AFA, Barriga FJAS, Chavagnac V, Fouquet Y (2006) Mineralogy, geochemistry, and Nd isotope composition of the rainbow hydrothermal field, mid-atlantic ridge. Miner Deposita 41:52–67. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-005-0040-8
Marques AFA, Relvas JMRS, Scott SD et al (2020) Melt inclusions in quartz from felsic volcanic rocks of the Iberian Pyrite Belt: clues for magmatic ore metal transfer towards VMS-forming systems. Ore Geol Rev 126:103743. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2020.103743
Marques AFA, Scott SD, Gorton MP, Barriga FJAS, Fouquet Y (2009) Pre-eruption history of enriched MORB from the Menez Gwen (37°50′N) and Lucky Strike (37°17′N) hydrothermal systems, Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Lithos 112:18–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2009.05.026
Marques AFA, Scott SD, Guillong M (2011) Magmatic degassing of ore-metals at the Menez Gwen: input from the Azores plume into an active Mid-Atlantic Ridge seafloor hydrothermal system. Earth Planet Sci Lett 310(1):145–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2011.07.021
Marques FO, Catalão J, Hildenbrand A, Madureira P (2015) Ground motion and tectonics in the Terceira Island: tectonomagmatic interactions in an oceanic rift (Terceira Rift, Azores Triple Junction). Tectonophysics 651–652:19–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2015.02.026
Mathez EA (1976) Sulfur solubility and magmatic sulfides in submarine basalt glass. J Geophys Res 81(23):4269–4276. https://doi.org/10.1029/JB081i023p04269
Mathez EA, Yeats RS (1976) Magmatic Sulfides in Basalt Glass from DSDP Hole 319A and Site 320, Nazca Plate. In: Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, 34. US. Government Printing Office
Mavrogenes JA, O’Neill HStC, (1999) The relative effects of pressure, temperature and oxygen fugacity on the solubility of sulfide in mafic magmas. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 63(7–8):1173–1180. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(98)00289-0
McDonough WF, Sun S-s (1995) The composition of the Earth. Chem Geol 120(3–4):223–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(94)00140-4
Métrich N, Wallace PJ (2008) Volatile abundances in basaltic magmas and their degassing paths tracked by melt inclusions. Rev Mineral Geochem 69(1):363–402. https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2008.69.10
Métrich N, Zanon V, Créon L, Hildenbtand A, Moreira M, Marques FO (2014) Is the ‘azores hotspot’ a wetspot? insights from the geochemistry of fluid and melt inclusions in olivine of pico basalts. J Petrol 55(2):377–393. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egt071
Miranda JM, Luis JF, Lourenço N (2018) The tectonic evolution of the Azores based on magnetic data. In: Active Volcanoes of the World. Springer, 89–100.
Momme P, Óskarsson N, Keays RR (2003) Platinum-group elements in the Icelandic rift system: melting processes and mantle sources beneath Iceland. Chem Geol 196(1–4):209–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(02)00414-X
Moore JG, Calk L (1971) Sulfide spherules in vesicles of dredged pillow basalt. Am Miner 56:476–488
Morimoto N (1988) Nomenclature of pyroxenes. Mineral Petrol 39:55–76. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01226262
Moussallam Y, Longpré MA, McCammon C et al (2019) Mantle plumes are oxidised. Earth Planet Sci Lett 527:115798. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2019.115798
Mungall JE (2007) Crystallization of magmatic sulfides: an empirical model and application to Sudbury ores. Geochim Cosmochim Acta. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2007.03.026
Mungall JE, Brenan J (2014) Partitioning of platinum-group elements and Au between sulfide liquid and basalt and the origins of mantle-crust fractionation of the chalcophile elements. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 125:265–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2013.10.002
Mungall JE, Naldrett AJ (2008) Ore deposits of the platinum-group elements. Elements 4(4):253–258. https://doi.org/10.2113/GSELEMENTS.4.4.253
Naldrett AJ (2010) Secular variation of magmatic sulfide deposits and their source magmas. Econ Geol 105(3):669. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.105.3.669
Naldrett AJ (1997) Key factors in the genesis of Noril’sk, Sudbury, Jinchuan, Voisey’s Bay and other world-class Ni-Cu-PGE deposits: implications for exploration. Aust J Earth Sci 44(3):283–315. https://doi.org/10.1080/08120099708728314
Naldrett AJ (1999) World-class Ni-Cu-PGE deposits: key factors in their genesis. Miner Deposita 34:227–240. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001260050200
Naldrett AJ, Duke JM (1980) Platinum metals magmatic sulfide ores. Science 208(44551):1417–1424. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.208.4451.1417
Naumov VB, Kamenetsky VS, Thomas R, Kononkova NN, Ryzhenko BN (2008) Inclusions of silicate and sulfate melts in chrome diposide from the Inagli deposit, Yakutia. Russia Geochem Intern 46:554. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0016702908060025
Neave DA, Putirka KD (2017) A new clinopyroxene-liquid barometer, and implications for magma storage pressures under Icelandic rift zones. Am Miner 102:777–794. https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2017-5968
O’Neill C, Sigloch K (2018) Crust and mantle structure beneath the Azores hotspot—evidence from geophysics. In: Active Volcanoes of the World. Springer, pp 71–87. ISBN : 978–3–642–32225–9
Patten C, Barnes S-J, Mathez EA (2012) Textural variations in MORB sulfide droplets due to differences in crystallization history. Can Mineral 50(3):675. https://doi.org/10.3749/canmin.50.3.675
Patten C, Barnes S-J, Mathez EA, Jenner FE (2013) Partition coefficients of chalcophile elements between sulfide and silicate melts and the early crystallization history of sulfide liquid: LA-ICP-MS analysis of MORB sulfide droplets. Chem Geol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2013.08.040
Peach CL, Mathez EA, Keays RR (1990) Sulfide melt-silicate melt distribution coefficients for noble metals and other chalcophile elements as deduced from MORB: Implications for partial melting. Geochim Cosmochim Acta. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(90)90292-S
Pearce JA (2008) Geochemical fingerprinting of oceanic basalts with applications to ophiolite classification and the search for Archean oceanic crust. Lithos 100(1–4):14–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2007.06.016
Pearce NJG, Perkins WT, Westgate JA, Gorton MP, Jackson SE, Neal CR, Chenery SP (1997) A compilation of new and published major and trace element data for NIST SRM 610 and NIST SRM 612 glass reference materials. Geostand Newsl 21:115–144
Presnall DC, Dixon SA, Dixon JA, Donnell TH, Brenner NL, Schrock RL, Dycus DW (1978) Liquidus phase relations on the join diopside-forsterite-anorthite From 1 arm to 20 kbar. Their bearing on the generation and crystallization of basaltic magma. Contrib Miner Petrol 66:203–220
Prichard HM, Hutchinson D, Fisher PC (2004) Petrology and crystallization history of multiphase sulfide droplets in a mafic dike from uruguay: implications for the origin of Cu-Ni-PGE sulfide deposits. Econ Geol 99(2):365. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.99.2.365
Putirka KD (2008) Thermometers and barometers for volcanic systems. Rev Mineral Geochem 69(1):61–120. https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2008.69.3
Pyle JM, Haggerty SE (1994) Silicate—carbonate immiscibility in upper mantle eclogites: implications for natrosilicic and carbonatitic conjugate melts. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 58:2997–3011
Roedder E (1979) Origin and significance of magmatic inclusions. Bull Minér 102:487–510
Roeder PL, Emslie RF (1970) Olivine-liquid equilibrium. Contrib Miner Petrol 29:275–289
Romer RHW, Beier C, Haase KM, Hamelin C (2019) Progressive changes in magma transport at the active serreta ridge, azores. Geochem Geophys Geosyst 20(11):5394–5414. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GC008562
Romer RHW, Beier C, Haase KM, Eberts A, Hübsche C (2021) The evolution of central volcanoes in ultraslow rift systems: constraints from D. João de Castro seamount. Tectonics, Azores. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020TC006663
Rose-Koga EF, Koga KT, Moreira M et al (2017) Geochemical systematics of Pb isotopes, fluorine, and sulfur in melt inclusions from São Miguel, Azores. Chem Geol 458:22–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2017.03.024
Sarda P, Graham D (1990) Mid-ocean ridge popping rocks: implications for degassing at ridge crests. Earth Planet Sci Lett 97:268–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(90)90047-2
Savelyev DP, Kamenetsky VS, Danyushevsky LV, Botcharnikov RE, Kamenetsky MB, Park J-W, Portnyagin MV, Olin P, Kresjeninnikov ST, Hauff F, Zelenski ME (2018) Immiscible sulfide melts in primitive oceanic magmas: evidence and implications from picrite lavas (Eastern Kamchatka, Russia). Am Miner 103:886–898. https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2018-6352
Schmidt C, Hensen C, Hübscher C, Wallmann K, Liebetrau V, Schmidt M, Kutterolf S, Hansteen TH (2020) Geochemical characterization of deep-sea sediments on the Azores Plateau – from diagenesis to hydrothermal activity. Mar Geol 429:106291
Sobolev AV (1996) Melt inclusions in minerals as a source of principle petrological information. Petrology 4:209–220
Sobolev AV, Nikogosian IK (1994) Petrology of long-lived mantle plume magmatism: Hawaii (Pacific) and Reunion Island (Indian Ocean). Petrology 2:111–144
Spieker K, Rondenay S, Ramalho R, Thomas C, Helffrich G (2018) Constraints on the structure of the crust and lithosphere beneath the Azores Islands from teleseismic receiver functions. Geophys J Int 213:824–835. https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggy222
Sun C, Liang Y (2012) Distribution of REE between clinopyroxene and basaltic melt along a mantle adiabat: effects of major element composition, water, and temperature. Contrib Miner Petrol 163:807–823. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-011-0700-x
Thomas RW, Wood BJ (2021) The chemical behaviour of chlorine in silicate melts. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 294:28–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2020.11.018
Török K, Bali E, Szabó C, Szakál JÁ (2003) Sr-barite droplets associated with sulfide blebs in clinopyroxene megacrysts from basaltic tuff (Szentbékkála, western Hungay). Lithos 66:275–289
Vogt PR, Jung WY (2018) The “azores geosyndrome” and plate tectonics: research history, synthesis, and unsolved puzzles. In: Beier C (ed) Kueppers U. Volcanoes of the Azores. Active Volcanoes of the World. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Vogt PR, Jung WY (2004) The Terceira Rift as hyper-slow, hotspot-dominated oblique spreading axis: a comparison with other slow-spreading plate boundaries. Earth Planet Sci Lett 218:77–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00627-7
Wanless VD, Shaw AM, Behn MD, Soule SA, Escartin J, Hamelin C (2015) Magmatic plumbing at Lucky Strike volcano based on olivine-hosted melt inclusion compositions. Geochem Geophys Geosyst 16:126–147. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GC005517
Waters CL, Day JMD, Watanabe S, Sayit K, Zanon V, Olson KM, Hanan BB, Widom E (2020) Sulfide mantle source heterogeneity recorded in basaltic lavas from the Azores. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 268:422–445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2019.10.012
Weston FS (1964) List of recorded volcanic eruptions in the Azores with brief reports. Boletim Do Museu e Laboratório Mineralógico e Geológico Da Faculdade De Ciências 10:3–18
Williams-Jones AE, Heinrich CA (2005) 100th anniversary special paper: vapor transport of metals and the formation of magmatic-hydrothermal ore deposits. Econ Geol 100(7):1287. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.100.7.1287
Wood BJ, Blundy JD (1997) A predictive model for rare earth element partitioning between clinopyroxene and anhydrous silicate melt. Contrib Miner Petrol 129:166–181. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004100050330
Yang AY, Zhou M-F, Zhao T-P, Deng XG, Qi L, Xu JF (2014) Chalcophile elemental compositions of MORBs from the ultraslow-spreading Southwest Indian Ridge and controls of lithospheric structure on S-saturated differentiation. Chem Geol 382:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2014.05.019
Yang H-J, Kinzler R, Grove TL (1996) Experiments and models of anhydrous, basaltic olivine-plagioclase-augite saturated melts from 0.001 to 10 kbar. Contrib Miner Petrol 124:1–18
Yang K, Scott SD (1996) Possible contribution of a metal-rich magmatic fluid to a sea-floor hydrothermal system. Nature 383:420–423. https://doi.org/10.1038/383420a0
Yang K, Scott SD (2002) Magmatic degassing of volatiles and ore metals into a hydrothermal system on the modern sea floor of the eastern manus back-arc basin. West Pacific Econ Geol 97(5):1079. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.97.5.1079
Yang K, Scott SD (2005) Vigorous exsolution of volatiles in the magma chamber beneath a hydrothermal system on the modern sea floor of the eastern manus back-arc basin, western pacific: evidence from melt inclusions. Econ Geol 100:1085. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.100.6.1085
Yang K, Scott SD (2006) Magmatic fluids as a source of metals in seafloor hydrothermal systems. Geophys Monogr Ser 166:163–184
Zajacz Z, Candela PA, Piccoli PM (2017) The partitioning of Cu, Au and Mo between liquid and vapor at magmatic temperatures and its implications for the genesis of magmatic-hydrothermal ore deposits. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 207:81–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2017.03.015
Zajacz Z, Halter WW (2007) LA-ICPMS analyses of silicate melt inclusions in co-precipitated minerals: quantification, data analysis and mineral/melt partitioning. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 71:1021–1040. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2006.11.001
Zajacz Z, Halter WW (2009) Copper transport by high temperature, sulfur-rich magmatic vapor: Evidence from silicate melt and vapor inclusions in a basaltic andesite from the Villarrica volcano (Chile). Earth Planet Sci Lett 282:115–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2009.03.006
Zajacz Z, Halter WE, Pettke T, Guillong M (2008) Determination of fluid/melt partition coefficients by LA-ICPMS analysis of co-existing fluid and silicate melt inclusions: Controls on element partitioning. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 72:2169–2197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2008.01.034
Zajacz Z, Seo JH, Candela PA, Piccoli PM, Tossell JA (2011) The solubility of copper in high-temperature magmatic vapors: a quest for the significance of various chloride and sulfide complexes. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 75:2811–2827. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2011.02.029
Zanon V, Frezzotti ML (2013) Magma storage and ascent conditions beneath Pico and Faial islands (Azores archipelago): a study on fluid inclusions. Geochem Geophys Geosyst 14:3494–3514. https://doi.org/10.1002/ggge.20221
Zanon V, Pimentel A (2015) Special collection: glasses, melts, and fluids, as tools for understanding volcanic processes and hazards. Spatio-temporal constraints on magma storage and ascent conditions in a transtensional tectonic setting: the case of the Terceira Island (Azores). Am Miner 100:795–805. https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2015-4936
Zelenski M, Kamenetsky VS, Mavrogenes JA, Gurenko AA, Danyushevsky LV (2018) Silicate-sulfide liquid immiscibility in modern arc basalt (Tolbachik volcano, Kamchatka): Part I. Occurrence and compositions of sulfide melts. Chem Geol 478:102–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2017.09.013
Acknowledgements
This work could not have been done without the valuable contribution of Professor Steven D. Scott of the University of Toronto, Canada. The authors also thank George Kretschmann, Yanan Liu and Mike Gorton (Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto) and Michael Verrall (CSIRO, Mineral Resources) for technical and analytical support with the SEM. João Silva contributed with VSD measurements. A special acknowledgement goes to the EMEPC (Estrutura de Missão para a Extensão da Plataforma Continental) team and their ROV pilots Andreia Afonso, António Calado, Miguel Souto and Renato Bettencourt.
Funding
Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT), PTDC/MAR/111306/2009, A. Filipa A. Marques, CSIRO, Mineral Resources Strategic Project, Siyu Hu.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Communicated by Mark S Ghiorso.
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
410_2022_1963_MOESM1_ESM.xlsx
S1. Supplementary Data S1.T1. Sample Location. S1.T2. Modal Analysis and Vesicle Parameters. S1.T3. Vesicle Size Distribution. S1.T4. Vesicle Size Distribution. S1.T5. Vesicle Size Distribution. S1.T6. EPMA composition of olivine minerals. S1.T7. EPMA composition of clinopyroxene minerals. S1.T8. EPMA composition of plagioclase minerals. S1.T9. LA-ICP-MS composition of olivine. S1.T10. LA-ICP-MS composition of clinopyroxene. S1.T11. LA-ICP-MS composition of groundmass transects. S1.T12. SEM-EDX composition of sulfide globules (XLSX 762 KB)
410_2022_1963_MOESM2_ESM.pdf
S2.F1 First row: photographs of 150 mμ thick, polished thin sections from D. João de Castro lavas, highly phyric vesicular L8 series (L8D7R1 and L8D7R2) and vesicular with phenocrysts L9 series (L9D22R2 and L9D22R3), width 2 cm. Second and third rows: photomicrographs of hand-picked olivine phenocrysts with melt inclusions from samples L8D7R2 (crystals #96, #97, #98), and L9D22R3 (crystals #100, #101, #103), scale bar—200 mμ. S2.F2 Sinusoidal REE patterns in clinopyroxene phenocrysts from D. João de Castro showing two sub-groups with similar pattern but different abundance, higher REE corresponds to brown clinopyroxene and lower REE to green clinopyroxene, chondrite normalized (after McDonough and Sun 1995). S2.F3 LA-ICP-MS spectra of an olivine-hosted multi-phase (jna07; silicate + sulfide) melt inclusion with anomalous contents in base metals Cu–Co–Ni + S suggestive of heterogeneous melt entrapment. Ablation signal from ~ 57’ to ~ 70’ represents olivine followed by mixed signal from olivine and melt inclusion (~ 70’ onwards). Pb does not follow the distribution of S. S2.F4 Backscattered electron images of the groundmass from D. João de Castro lavas: (a) interlocking array of plagioclase laths (lower reflectance), olivine, clinopyroxene and interstitial skeletal magnetite, two large clinopyroxene phenocrysts depict more reflectant rims (dashed line) (b) large Ti-magnetite crystal depicting two exposed glassy melt inclusions, (c,d,e) examples of groundmass with vesicles filled by barite, (f) Fe-oxide spherule in vesicle, (g) large vesicle with a Cu–Sn–Co alloy, (h) chalcopyrite in a vesicle. S2.F5 Two geochemical proxies, after Pearce et al. (2008), for the characterization of the melt and lavas from D. João de Castro. (a) Th/Yb–Nb/Yb projection depicting high Nb/Yb DJC lavas and melt plotting within the OIB-MORB array (gray); (b) TiO2/Yb–Nb/Yb projection depicting alkalic lavas and melt in DJC with high Ti/Yb and Nb/Yb ratios that lie in the OIB array and characteristic from low % of melting degree with residual garnet. Lavas and melt trend incipiently into the E-MORB field along a diagonal array. for olivine-hosted melt inclusions (circles), groundmass (squares), and whole rock (stars) from L8 (blue) and L9 (yellow) lavas from D. João de Castro submarine volcano, gray dashed lines correspond to basalts in Beier et al. (2008). Th Tholeiitic, Alk Alkaline, DJC Whole rock from Beier et al. (2008). (PDF 3974 KB)
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Marques, A.F.A., Madureira, P., Zajacz, Z. et al. Deep sourced magma and ore-metal mobility in the D. João de Castro submarine volcano (Azores): a mineral chemistry and melt inclusion study. Contrib Mineral Petrol 177, 100 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-022-01963-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-022-01963-0